Detección de enterobacterias multirresistentes aisladas en aguas de los ríos que desembocan en la bahía de Guanabara y en muestras de hospitales de Río de Janeiro, Brasil

Verônica Dias Gonçalves, Frederico Meirelles-Pereira, Márcio Cataldo, Bianca de Oliveira Fonseca, Barbara Araujo Nogueira, Julianna Giordano Botelho Olivella, Francisco de Assis Esteves, Ana Luiza Mattos-Guaraldi, Arnaldo Feitosa Braga de Andrade, Alexandre Ribeiro Bello, José Augusto Adler Pereira, .

Palabras clave: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, resistencia a múltiples medicamentos, plásmidos, aguas residuales, Brasil

Resumen

Introducción. El uso de antibióticos en seres humanos, en la industria pecuaria y en las actividades veterinarias induce una presión selectiva que resulta en la colonización e infección con cepas resistentes.
Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de genes de resistencia a aminoglucósidos, betalactámicos y fluoroquinolonas en cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae y Escherichia coli, obtenidas de muestras de agua de los ríos que desembocan en la bahía de Guanabara y de muestras clínicas de hospitales de Río de Janeiro.
Materiales y métodos. En la selección de las cepas resistentes obtenidas de las muestras de agua de los ríos, se emplearon medios de cultivo que contenían 32 μg/ml de cefalotina y 8 μg/ml de gentamicina. En el caso de las muestras de especímenes clínicos, se usaron medios de cultivo que contenían 8 μg/ml de gentamicina. Las cepas se identificaron y se sometieron a pruebas de sensibilidad antimicrobiana, extracción de ADN plasmídico y pruebas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para detectar los genes que codifican aquellas enzimas que modifican los aminoglucósidos, las betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) y los mecanismos de resistencia a las quinolonas mediados por plásmidos.
Resultados. Se encontraron perfiles de resistencia a los antimicrobianos similares en los dos grupos. En todas las bacterias obtenidas de las muestras de agua y en 90 % de las muestras clínicas, se evidenciaron bandas de plásmidos asociados con la transferencia de genes de resistencia. En las pruebas de PCR, se obtuvieron productos de amplificación de los genes de resistencia para las tres clases de antimicrobianos analizados, en el 7,4 % de las bacterias recuperadas de las muestras de agua y en el 20 % de aquellas recuperadas de las muestras clínicas.
Conclusión. La detección de microorganismos con elementos genéticos que confieren resistencia a los antibióticos en ambientes como el agua, es una estrategia necesaria para prevenir y controlar la diseminación de estos agentes patógenos con potencial para infectar a humanos y a otros animales en dichos ambientes.

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  • Verônica Dias Gonçalves Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

    Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

    Laboratório de Referência Nacional de Cólera e Enteroinfecções Bacterianas-LRNCEB- IOC/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

  • Frederico Meirelles-Pereira Laboratório de Limnologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
  • Márcio Cataldo Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
  • Bianca de Oliveira Fonseca Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
  • Barbara Araujo Nogueira Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
  • Julianna Giordano Botelho Olivella Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
  • Francisco de Assis Esteves Laboratório de Limnologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
  • Ana Luiza Mattos-Guaraldi Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
  • Arnaldo Feitosa Braga de Andrade Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
  • Alexandre Ribeiro Bello Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
  • José Augusto Adler Pereira Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

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Cómo citar
1.
Dias Gonçalves V, Meirelles-Pereira F, Cataldo M, de Oliveira Fonseca B, Araujo Nogueira B, Botelho Olivella JG, et al. Detección de enterobacterias multirresistentes aisladas en aguas de los ríos que desembocan en la bahía de Guanabara y en muestras de hospitales de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. biomedica [Internet]. 1 de mayo de 2019 [citado 29 de marzo de 2024];39(Sp. 1):135-49. Disponible en: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/4391

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2019-05-01

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