Nuevos esquemas de inmunoterapia específicas con alérgenos

José Fernando Cantillo, Leonardo Puerta, .

Palabras clave: alergia e inmunología, inmunoterapia, alérgenos, desensibilización, inmunoglobulina E, factores inmunológicos

Resumen

Las enfermedades alérgicas, como el asma y la rinitis, son un problema de salud de importancia en todos los países y con una tendencia global al aumento en su prevalencia.
La inmunoterapia específica con extractos alergénicos naturales es el único tratamiento con antígenos dirigido a brindar una protección duradera y que beneficia a la mayoría de la población tratada. Sin embargo, este tratamiento presenta inconvenientes porque los extractos son preparaciones de difícil estandarización y gran complejidad en sus componentes, lo que aumenta los riesgos de que se presenten reacciones adversas y nuevas sensibilizaciones a otros antígenos presentes en el extracto. Por lo tanto, se ha planteado la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos esquemas de inmunoterapia específica con el alérgeno en los que se utilicen moléculas bien caracterizadas de fácil estandarización y manejo, con las que se puedan brindar tratamientos más seguros y eficaces.
Con estos nuevos esquemas se han diseñado vacunas basadas en alérgenos recombinantes y variantes o péptidos derivados de éstos, para ser administrados solos o con adyuvantes en preparaciones que favorecen la captación y presentación antigénica por las células dendríticas o tienen como blanco las células efectoras, como mastocitos y basófilos. Los estudios in vitro, en modelos animales y algunos en fase clínica en humanos, indican que estas preparaciones pueden brindar protección frente a la exposición alergénica o mejorar la sintomatología, al inducir la producción de anticuerpos bloqueadores de la actividad de la IgE, de células T reguladoras y de citocinas del perfil Th1.

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  • José Fernando Cantillo Instituto de Investigaciones Inmunológicas, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  • Leonardo Puerta Instituto de Investigaciones Inmunológicas, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

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1.
Cantillo JF, Puerta L. Nuevos esquemas de inmunoterapia específicas con alérgenos. biomedica [Internet]. 30 de septiembre de 2010 [citado 29 de marzo de 2024];30(3):440-53. Disponible en: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/278
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2010-09-30
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