Gender, age and plasma lipids differences associated with apolipoprotein E polymorphism in school children
Keywords:
Polymorphism, genetic, apolipoproteins E, lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, hormones, child, adolescent
Abstract
Introduction. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism is a genetic determinant of total cholesterol and LDL-c levels. Several studies have examined the relationship between variations at the APO E and cardiovascular disease. It is important to determine this relationship in the Colombian population.Objectives. The relationship of apoE polymorphisms was associated with lipid profile by age and sex.
Materials and methods. A sample of 500 children aged 8 to 18 years, were selected from school populations in Quindio Province, Colombia. ApoE genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme. Lipid profiles were obtained by commercial kits.
Results. The apoE allele frequencies were as follows: E3 - 91.6%, E2 - 5.3, and E4 - 3.1%. Genotypic frequencies were as follows: E3/E3 - 90.8%, E2/E3 - 5.6%, and E3/E4 - 3.2%. No homozygotes for E2/E2 and E4/E4 were recovered. Similar genotypic and allelic distribution was found for each gender. ApoE genotype and gender had a significant effect on total serum cholesterol (CT) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (c-LDL). In boys these variables were related as follows: E4>E3>E2 (p<0.05); in girls the relationships were somewhat changed Polimorfismos apoE y lípidos en escolares
(E3>E4>E2). High density lipoprotein cholesterol (c-HDL) levels in boys were related as follows: E2>E4>E3; for girls, E4>E2>E3. In boys, for all variables, the protector effect was in E2; but in girls this allele was only a protector for CT and c-LDL, For triacylglycerol (TAG), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (c-VLDL) and c-HDL, this the protector effect was associated with the E4 allele, (p<0.05).
Conclusion. The results suggested that modulation of apoE genotype on plasma lipids was influenced by gender and age, especially in girls older than 10 years.
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References
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19. Torres AL, Guerra-Muñoz M, Segrera A, Wagner J, Alvarado M. Modulación de los niveles de lípidos y lipoproteínas por el polimorfismo de la apolipoproteína E en individuos sanos de Bogotá D.C. NOVA. 2005; 3:1-120.
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21. Celaya J, Rodríguez A, Michelle P, Arends A. Estudios de polimorfismos del gen (APOE) de la apolipoproteína-E (Apo E) y su relación con niveles elevados de colesterol total, lipoproteínas y triglicéridos séricos en niños de edad escolar. Rev Soc Med Quir Hosp Emerg Perez de León. 2007;38(Suppl.1):19-26.
22. Shin MH, Kim HN, Cui LH, Kweon SS, Park KS, Heo H, et al. The effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on lipid levels in Korean adults. J Korean Med Sci. 2005;20:361-6.
23. Liberopoulos E, Miltiadous G, Hatzivassiliou M, Ayrton N, Bairaktari E, Cariolou M, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in northwestern Greece: Frequency and effect on lipid parameters. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2004; 34:347-54.
24. Medina-Urrutia AX, Cardoso-Saldana GC, Zamora-González J, Liria YK, Posadas-Romero C. Apolipo-protein E polymorphism is related to plasma lipids and apolipoprotein in Mexican adolescents. Hum Biol. 2004;76:605-14.
25. Gamboa R, Hernández-Pacheco G, Hesiquio R, Zúniga J, Masso F, Montano LF, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in the Indian and Mestizo populations of Mexico. Hum Biol. 2000;72:975-81.
26. Lehtimaki T, Moilanen T, Viikari J, Herblom HK, Ehnholm C, Riinnemaa T, et al. Apolipoprotein E phenotypes in Finnish youths: a cross-sectional and 6-year follow-up study. J Lipid Res. 1990;31:487-95.
27. Parson JJ. Antioqueño colonization in western Colombia. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1949.
28. Jiménez I, Mora O, López G, Jiménez ME, Zuluaga L, Isaza R, et al. Idiopathic epilepsy with generalized tonic clonic seizures in Antioquia, Colombia: Is the joint Amerindian and Negroid racial admixture the cause of its high prevalence? Biol Res. 1996;29:297-304.
29. Schaefer EJ, Lamon-Fava S, Johnson S, Ordovas JM, Schaefer MM, Castelli WP, et al. Effects of gender and menopausal status on the association of apolipoprotein E phenotype with plasma lipoprotein levels. Results from the Framingham Offspring Study. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1105-13,
30. Ortega H, Castilla P, Gómez-Coronado D, Garcés C, Benavente M, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, et al. Influence of apolipoprotein E genotype on fat-soluble plasma antioxidants in Spanish children1. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:624-32.
31. Zofkova I, Zajickova K, Hill M, Horinek A. Apolipoprotein E gene determines serum testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone levels in postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;147:503-6.
32. Garcés C, Benavente M, Cano B, Viturro E, Ortega H, Horcajada C, et al. Effects of dehidroepiandrosterone-sulfate on the Apo E genotype influence on plasma lipid levels in prepuberal children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3997-4000.
33. Vermeulen A. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and ageing. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1995;774:121-7.
34. Thorngate FE, Strockbine PA, Erickson SK. Williams DL. Altered adrenal gland cholesterol metabolism in the apoE-deficient Mouse. J Lipid Res. 2002;43:1920-6.
35. Agirbasli M, Ciliv G, Cakir S, Srinivasan S, Berenson GS, Ozme S. Body mass index and lipid levels in children from Ankara, Turkey versus Bogalusa, Louisiana. Prev Med. 2005;41:843-5.
2. Heeren J, Beisiegel U, Grewal T. Apolipoprotein E recycling: Implications for dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26;442-8.
3. Bennet AM, Di Angelantonio E, Ye Z, Wensley F, Dahlin A, Ahlbom A, et al. Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes with lipid levels and coronary risk. JAMA. 2007;298:1300-11.
4. Dong LM, Wilson C, Wardell MR, Simmons T, Mahley R, Weisgraber KH, et al. Human apolipoprotein E: Role of arginine 61 in mediating the lipoprotein preferences of the E3 and E4 isoforms. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:22358-65.
5. Ministerio de la Protección Social, Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Situación de Salud Colombia. Indicadores básicos 2007. p. 24. Fecha de consulta: 13 de septiembre de 2008. Disponible en: http://www.minproteccionsocial.gov.co/vBecontent/NewsDetail.asp?ID=15895&IDCompany=3
6. Instituto Seccional de Salud del Quindío. Indicadores básicos en salud. SIVIGILA. Bogotá D.C.: INS; 2005.
7. Uscátegui RM, Álvares MC, Leguado I, Soler W, Martínez I, Arias R, et al. Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños de 6 a 18 años de Medellín, Colombia. An Pediat (Barc). 2004:58:411-7.
8. Gracia B, de Plata C. Pradilla A, Leiva J. Factores de riesgo para enfermedades de mayor prevalencia en el Valle del Cauca útiles para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención. Colomb Med. 2003;34:47-55.
9. Poveda E, Callas N, Baracaldo C, Castillo C, Hernández P, Guerra M. Evaluación de las concentraciones de lípidos y apoproteínas A-I y B-100 en un grupo de escolares de cinco departamentos del centro-oriente de Colombia. Biomédica. 2007;27:385-99.
10. Song Y, Stampfer MJ, Liu S. Meta-analysis: apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:137-47.
11. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of c-LDL in plasma without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499-502.
12. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the Third Report of National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert Panel on Detection. Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-96.
13. Scherr C, Magalhães CK, Malheiros W. Lipid profile analysis in school children. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;89: 65-70.
14. Castelli W, Fernández-Cruz A. Recomendaciones de ILIB para el diagnóstico de las dislipidemias en Latinoamérica. Cardiovas Risk Fact (edición en español). 1994;3(Suppl.1):10-27.
15. Kavey RE, Daniels SR, Lauer RM, Atkins DL, Hayman LL, Tauber K. American Heart Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. J Pediatr. 2003; 142: 368-72.
16. Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Ajani UA. Trends in risk factors for cardiovascular disease among children and adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1534-44.
17. Kavey RE, Daniels SR, Lauer RM, Atkins DL, Hayman LL, Taubert K. American Heart Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. Circulation. 2003;107:1562-6.
18. Moreno A, Torres AL, Cartagena AE, Herrera MH. Determinación de la asociación del polimorfismo de la apolipoproteína E (Apo E) relacionada con la presencia de placa aterosclerótica coronaria. NOVA. 2006;4.1-116.
19. Torres AL, Guerra-Muñoz M, Segrera A, Wagner J, Alvarado M. Modulación de los niveles de lípidos y lipoproteínas por el polimorfismo de la apolipoproteína E en individuos sanos de Bogotá D.C. NOVA. 2005; 3:1-120.
20. Callas N, Poveda E, Baracaldo C, Hernández P, Castillo C, Guerra M. Polimorfismo genético de la apolipoproteína E en un grupo de escolares del centro-oriente colombiano: comparación con las concentraciones plasmáticas de lípidos y apolipoproteínas. Biomédica. 2007;27:526-36
21. Celaya J, Rodríguez A, Michelle P, Arends A. Estudios de polimorfismos del gen (APOE) de la apolipoproteína-E (Apo E) y su relación con niveles elevados de colesterol total, lipoproteínas y triglicéridos séricos en niños de edad escolar. Rev Soc Med Quir Hosp Emerg Perez de León. 2007;38(Suppl.1):19-26.
22. Shin MH, Kim HN, Cui LH, Kweon SS, Park KS, Heo H, et al. The effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on lipid levels in Korean adults. J Korean Med Sci. 2005;20:361-6.
23. Liberopoulos E, Miltiadous G, Hatzivassiliou M, Ayrton N, Bairaktari E, Cariolou M, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in northwestern Greece: Frequency and effect on lipid parameters. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2004; 34:347-54.
24. Medina-Urrutia AX, Cardoso-Saldana GC, Zamora-González J, Liria YK, Posadas-Romero C. Apolipo-protein E polymorphism is related to plasma lipids and apolipoprotein in Mexican adolescents. Hum Biol. 2004;76:605-14.
25. Gamboa R, Hernández-Pacheco G, Hesiquio R, Zúniga J, Masso F, Montano LF, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in the Indian and Mestizo populations of Mexico. Hum Biol. 2000;72:975-81.
26. Lehtimaki T, Moilanen T, Viikari J, Herblom HK, Ehnholm C, Riinnemaa T, et al. Apolipoprotein E phenotypes in Finnish youths: a cross-sectional and 6-year follow-up study. J Lipid Res. 1990;31:487-95.
27. Parson JJ. Antioqueño colonization in western Colombia. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1949.
28. Jiménez I, Mora O, López G, Jiménez ME, Zuluaga L, Isaza R, et al. Idiopathic epilepsy with generalized tonic clonic seizures in Antioquia, Colombia: Is the joint Amerindian and Negroid racial admixture the cause of its high prevalence? Biol Res. 1996;29:297-304.
29. Schaefer EJ, Lamon-Fava S, Johnson S, Ordovas JM, Schaefer MM, Castelli WP, et al. Effects of gender and menopausal status on the association of apolipoprotein E phenotype with plasma lipoprotein levels. Results from the Framingham Offspring Study. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1105-13,
30. Ortega H, Castilla P, Gómez-Coronado D, Garcés C, Benavente M, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, et al. Influence of apolipoprotein E genotype on fat-soluble plasma antioxidants in Spanish children1. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:624-32.
31. Zofkova I, Zajickova K, Hill M, Horinek A. Apolipoprotein E gene determines serum testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone levels in postmenopausal women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;147:503-6.
32. Garcés C, Benavente M, Cano B, Viturro E, Ortega H, Horcajada C, et al. Effects of dehidroepiandrosterone-sulfate on the Apo E genotype influence on plasma lipid levels in prepuberal children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3997-4000.
33. Vermeulen A. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and ageing. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1995;774:121-7.
34. Thorngate FE, Strockbine PA, Erickson SK. Williams DL. Altered adrenal gland cholesterol metabolism in the apoE-deficient Mouse. J Lipid Res. 2002;43:1920-6.
35. Agirbasli M, Ciliv G, Cakir S, Srinivasan S, Berenson GS, Ozme S. Body mass index and lipid levels in children from Ankara, Turkey versus Bogalusa, Louisiana. Prev Med. 2005;41:843-5.
How to Cite
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Loango N, Gallego ML, Restrepo B, Landázuri P. Gender, age and plasma lipids differences associated with apolipoprotein E polymorphism in school children. biomedica [Internet]. 2009 Sep. 1 [cited 2024 May 18];29(3):382-91. Available from: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/10
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