Therapeutic approach to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia
Keywords:
Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity, bacteremia/therapy, bacteremia/epidemiology, anti-bacterial agents/therapeutic use
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen, responsible for 11-33% of the bacteremias acquired in the hospital setting and nearly 50% of those acquired in the community at large. The epidemiology of S. aureus bacteremia is discussed, with an special emphasis on the situation in Colombia and the resistance mechanisms against the major drug groups used for the treatment. The clinical keys and laboratory support for the appropriate clinical approaches are presented together with the therapeutic strategies for the treatment of patients with S. aureus bacteremia.Downloads
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References
1. Kanafani ZA, Fowler VG. Staphylococcus aureus infections: new challenges from an old pathogen. Enf Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2006;24:182-93.
2. Emori TG, Gaynes RP. An overview of nosocomial infections, including the role of the microbiology laboratory. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1993;6:428-42.
3. Lowy FD. Staphylococcal infections. En: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Braunwald E, Hauser Sl, Jameson JL, editors. Harrison´s Principles of Internal Medicine. 16 ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill; 2005. p.814-22.
4. Elsayed S, Laupland K. Emerging gram-positive bacterial infections. Clin Lab Med. 2004;24:587-603.
5. Collignon P, Nimmo GR, Gottlieb T, Gosbell IB, Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:554-61.
6. Jensen AG, Wachmann CH, Espersen F, Scheibel J, Skinhoj P, Frimodt-Moller N. Treatment and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a prospective study of 278 cases. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:25-32.
7. Petti CA, Fowler VG Jr. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis. Cardiol Clin. 2003;21:219-33.
8. Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infectios in US hospitals: analysis of 24179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:309-17.
9. Secretaria Distrital de Salud de Bogotá, D.C. Propuesta de Política de Prevención, Control, y Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias para Bogotá DC. Mayo de 2004. [Consultado:
noviembre 11 de 2006]. Disponible en http://www.saludcapital.gov.co/secsalud/noticias/Politica.pdf
10. Moreno CA, Rosenthal VD, Olarte N, Gomez WV, Sussmann O, Agudelo J, et al. Device-associated infection rate and mortality in intensive care units of 9 colombian hospitals: findings of the international nosocomial infection control consortium. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:349-56.
11. Bearman GM, Wenzel RP. Bacteremias: a leading cause of death. Arch Med Res. 2005;36:646-59.
12. Hill PC, Birch M, Chambers S, Drinkovic D, Ellis-Pegler RB, Everts R, et al. Prospective study of 42 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: determination of factors affecting incidence and mortality. Intern Med J. 2001;31:97-103.
13. Linden PK. Clinical implications of nosocomial grampositive bacteremia and superimposed antimicrobial resistance. Am J Med. 1998;102:S24-33.
14. Banerjee S, Emori TG, Culver DH, Gaynes RP, Jarvis WR, Horan T, et al. Secular trends in nosocomial primary bloodstream infections in the United States. Am J Med. 1991;91:S86-9.
15. Chang FY, MacDonald BB, Peacock JE Jr, Musher DM, Triplett P, Mylotte J M, et al. A Prospective multicenter study of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Incidence of endocarditis, risk factors for mortality, and clinical impact of methicillin resistance. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82:322-32.
16. Fowler VG Jr, Olsen MK, Corey GR, Woods CW, Cabell CH, Reller LB, et al. Clinical identifiers of complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2066-72.
17. Kim SH, Park WB, Lee KD, Kang CI, Kim HB, Oh MD, et al. Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with eradicable foci versus noneradicable foci. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:794-9.
18. Soriano A, Martínez JA, Mensa J, Marco F, Almela M, Moreno-Martinez A, et al. Pathogenic significance of methicillin resistance for patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infec Dis.
2000;30:368-73.
19. Fowler VG Jr, Sanders LL, Kong LK, McClelland RS, Gottlieb GS, Li J, et al. Infective endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus: 59 prospectively identified cases with follow-up. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:106-14.
20. Suryati BA, Watson M. Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in children: a 5-year retrospective review. J. Paediatr Child Health. 2002;38:290-4.
21. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32:470-85.
22. Leal A, Buitrago G, Castillo J, Patiño A, Álvarez C. Vigilancia de resistencia bacteriana. Resultados. Primer trimestre de 2005. Boletín Epidemiológico Distrital. 2005;10:1-8.
23. Leal AL, Eslava-Schmalbach J, Álvarez C, Buitrago G, Méndez M, Grupo para el Control de la Resistencia en Bogotá. Canales endémicos y marcadores de resistencia bacteriana en hospitales de tercer nivel en Bogotá, Colombia. Rev Salud Pública. 2006;8(Suppl.1):59-70.
24. Rezende NA, Blumberg HM, Metzger BS, Larsen NM, Ray SM, Mcgowan JE Jr. Risk factors for methicillin-resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia at the time of hospital admission. Am J Med Sci. 2002;323:117-23.
25. Tacconelli E, Venkataraman L, De Girolami PC, D'Agata EM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia diagnosed at hospital admission: distinguishing between community-acquired versus
healthcare-associated strains. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53:474-9.
26. Aygen B, Yoruk A, Yyldyz O, Alp E, Kocagoz S, Sumerkan B, et al. Bloodstream infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital in Turkey: clinical and molecular epidemiology of
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:309-14.
27. Lesens O, Hansmann Y, Brannigan E, Hopkins S, Meyer P, O'Connel B, et al. Healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and the risk for methicillin resistance: is the Centers for Disease control and Prevention definition for community acquired bacteremia still appropriate? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:204-9.
28. Engemann JJ, Carmeli Y, Cosgrove SE, Fowler VG, Bronstein MZ, Trivette SL, et al. Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:592-8.
29. McHugh CG, Riley LW. Risk factors and costs associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25:425-30.
30. Lodise T, McKinnon P. Clinical and economic impact of methicillin resistance in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;52:113-22.
31. Cosgrove SE, Qi Y, Kaye KS, Harbarth S, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay and hospital charges. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:166-74.
32. Lowy FD. Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Invest. 2003;111:1265-73.
33. Moreillon P, Que Y, Glauser M. Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock). En: Mandell G, Bennett J, Dolin R, editores. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Sexta edición; New York: Churchill Livingston; 2005. p.2321-51.
34. Deresinski S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An evolutionary, epidemiologic and therapeutic odyssey. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:562-73.
35. Olsen JE, Christensen H, Aarestrup FM. Diversity and evolution of blaZ from Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57:450-60.
36. Zhang HZ, Hackbarth CJ, Chansky KM, Chambers HF. A proteolytic transmembrane signaling pathway and resistance to beta-lactams in staphylococci. Science. 2001;291:1962-5.
37. Kluytmans-VandenBergh MF, Kluytmans JA. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: current perspectives. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(Suppl.1):9-15.
38. Gomes AR, Sanches IS, Aires de Sousa M, Castañeda E, de Lencastre H. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Colombian hospitals: dominance of a single unique
multidrug resistant clone. Microb Drug Resist. 2001;7:23-32.
39. Aires de Sousa M, Miragaia M, Sanches IS, Avila S, Adamson I, Casagrande ST, et al. Three-year assesment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Latin America from 1996 to 1998. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:2197-205.
40. Cruz C, Moreno J, Renzoni A, Hidalgo M, Reyes J, Schrenzel J, et al. Tracking methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Colombian hospitals over 7 years (1996-2003): emergence of a new dominant clone. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;26:457-62.
41. Sanders CC. Mechanisms responsible for cross resistance and dichotomous resistance among quinolones. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(Suppl.1):S1-8.
42. Smith Tl, Pearson ML, Wilcox KR, Cruz C, Lancaster MV, Robinson-Dunn B, et al. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. N Eng J Med. 1999;340:492-501.
43. Tenover FC, Weigel LM, Appelbaum PC, McDougal LK, Chaitram J, McAllister S, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylvania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2004;48:275-80.
44. Contreras G, Gómez C, Leal A, González MP, Navarrete M. Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la vancomicina: una nueva amenaza. Infectio. 2005;9:91-9.
45. Appelbaum PC, Bozdogan B. Vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Lab Med. 2004;24:381-402.
46. Srinivasan A, Dick JD, Perl TM. Vancomycin resistance in staphylococci. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;15:430-8.
47. Smith TL, Pearson M, Wilcox KR, Cruz C, Lancaster M, Robinson-Dunn B, et al. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working
Group. N Eng J Med. 1999;340:493-501.
48. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am J Infect Control. 1988;16:128-40.
49. Blyth CC, Darragh H, Whelan A, O'Shea JP, Beaman MH, McCarthy JS. Evaluation of clinical guidelines for managenement of Staphylococcus aureus bactereaemia. Intern Med J. 2002;32:224-
2. Emori TG, Gaynes RP. An overview of nosocomial infections, including the role of the microbiology laboratory. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1993;6:428-42.
3. Lowy FD. Staphylococcal infections. En: Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Braunwald E, Hauser Sl, Jameson JL, editors. Harrison´s Principles of Internal Medicine. 16 ed. New York: Mc Graw Hill; 2005. p.814-22.
4. Elsayed S, Laupland K. Emerging gram-positive bacterial infections. Clin Lab Med. 2004;24:587-603.
5. Collignon P, Nimmo GR, Gottlieb T, Gosbell IB, Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:554-61.
6. Jensen AG, Wachmann CH, Espersen F, Scheibel J, Skinhoj P, Frimodt-Moller N. Treatment and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a prospective study of 278 cases. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:25-32.
7. Petti CA, Fowler VG Jr. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis. Cardiol Clin. 2003;21:219-33.
8. Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infectios in US hospitals: analysis of 24179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:309-17.
9. Secretaria Distrital de Salud de Bogotá, D.C. Propuesta de Política de Prevención, Control, y Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias para Bogotá DC. Mayo de 2004. [Consultado:
noviembre 11 de 2006]. Disponible en http://www.saludcapital.gov.co/secsalud/noticias/Politica.pdf
10. Moreno CA, Rosenthal VD, Olarte N, Gomez WV, Sussmann O, Agudelo J, et al. Device-associated infection rate and mortality in intensive care units of 9 colombian hospitals: findings of the international nosocomial infection control consortium. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006;27:349-56.
11. Bearman GM, Wenzel RP. Bacteremias: a leading cause of death. Arch Med Res. 2005;36:646-59.
12. Hill PC, Birch M, Chambers S, Drinkovic D, Ellis-Pegler RB, Everts R, et al. Prospective study of 42 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: determination of factors affecting incidence and mortality. Intern Med J. 2001;31:97-103.
13. Linden PK. Clinical implications of nosocomial grampositive bacteremia and superimposed antimicrobial resistance. Am J Med. 1998;102:S24-33.
14. Banerjee S, Emori TG, Culver DH, Gaynes RP, Jarvis WR, Horan T, et al. Secular trends in nosocomial primary bloodstream infections in the United States. Am J Med. 1991;91:S86-9.
15. Chang FY, MacDonald BB, Peacock JE Jr, Musher DM, Triplett P, Mylotte J M, et al. A Prospective multicenter study of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Incidence of endocarditis, risk factors for mortality, and clinical impact of methicillin resistance. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82:322-32.
16. Fowler VG Jr, Olsen MK, Corey GR, Woods CW, Cabell CH, Reller LB, et al. Clinical identifiers of complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2066-72.
17. Kim SH, Park WB, Lee KD, Kang CI, Kim HB, Oh MD, et al. Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with eradicable foci versus noneradicable foci. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:794-9.
18. Soriano A, Martínez JA, Mensa J, Marco F, Almela M, Moreno-Martinez A, et al. Pathogenic significance of methicillin resistance for patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infec Dis.
2000;30:368-73.
19. Fowler VG Jr, Sanders LL, Kong LK, McClelland RS, Gottlieb GS, Li J, et al. Infective endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus: 59 prospectively identified cases with follow-up. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:106-14.
20. Suryati BA, Watson M. Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in children: a 5-year retrospective review. J. Paediatr Child Health. 2002;38:290-4.
21. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32:470-85.
22. Leal A, Buitrago G, Castillo J, Patiño A, Álvarez C. Vigilancia de resistencia bacteriana. Resultados. Primer trimestre de 2005. Boletín Epidemiológico Distrital. 2005;10:1-8.
23. Leal AL, Eslava-Schmalbach J, Álvarez C, Buitrago G, Méndez M, Grupo para el Control de la Resistencia en Bogotá. Canales endémicos y marcadores de resistencia bacteriana en hospitales de tercer nivel en Bogotá, Colombia. Rev Salud Pública. 2006;8(Suppl.1):59-70.
24. Rezende NA, Blumberg HM, Metzger BS, Larsen NM, Ray SM, Mcgowan JE Jr. Risk factors for methicillin-resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia at the time of hospital admission. Am J Med Sci. 2002;323:117-23.
25. Tacconelli E, Venkataraman L, De Girolami PC, D'Agata EM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia diagnosed at hospital admission: distinguishing between community-acquired versus
healthcare-associated strains. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;53:474-9.
26. Aygen B, Yoruk A, Yyldyz O, Alp E, Kocagoz S, Sumerkan B, et al. Bloodstream infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital in Turkey: clinical and molecular epidemiology of
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:309-14.
27. Lesens O, Hansmann Y, Brannigan E, Hopkins S, Meyer P, O'Connel B, et al. Healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and the risk for methicillin resistance: is the Centers for Disease control and Prevention definition for community acquired bacteremia still appropriate? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:204-9.
28. Engemann JJ, Carmeli Y, Cosgrove SE, Fowler VG, Bronstein MZ, Trivette SL, et al. Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:592-8.
29. McHugh CG, Riley LW. Risk factors and costs associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25:425-30.
30. Lodise T, McKinnon P. Clinical and economic impact of methicillin resistance in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;52:113-22.
31. Cosgrove SE, Qi Y, Kaye KS, Harbarth S, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay and hospital charges. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:166-74.
32. Lowy FD. Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Invest. 2003;111:1265-73.
33. Moreillon P, Que Y, Glauser M. Staphylococcus aureus (Including Staphylococcal Toxic Shock). En: Mandell G, Bennett J, Dolin R, editores. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Sexta edición; New York: Churchill Livingston; 2005. p.2321-51.
34. Deresinski S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An evolutionary, epidemiologic and therapeutic odyssey. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:562-73.
35. Olsen JE, Christensen H, Aarestrup FM. Diversity and evolution of blaZ from Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57:450-60.
36. Zhang HZ, Hackbarth CJ, Chansky KM, Chambers HF. A proteolytic transmembrane signaling pathway and resistance to beta-lactams in staphylococci. Science. 2001;291:1962-5.
37. Kluytmans-VandenBergh MF, Kluytmans JA. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: current perspectives. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(Suppl.1):9-15.
38. Gomes AR, Sanches IS, Aires de Sousa M, Castañeda E, de Lencastre H. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Colombian hospitals: dominance of a single unique
multidrug resistant clone. Microb Drug Resist. 2001;7:23-32.
39. Aires de Sousa M, Miragaia M, Sanches IS, Avila S, Adamson I, Casagrande ST, et al. Three-year assesment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Latin America from 1996 to 1998. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:2197-205.
40. Cruz C, Moreno J, Renzoni A, Hidalgo M, Reyes J, Schrenzel J, et al. Tracking methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in Colombian hospitals over 7 years (1996-2003): emergence of a new dominant clone. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2005;26:457-62.
41. Sanders CC. Mechanisms responsible for cross resistance and dichotomous resistance among quinolones. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(Suppl.1):S1-8.
42. Smith Tl, Pearson ML, Wilcox KR, Cruz C, Lancaster MV, Robinson-Dunn B, et al. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. N Eng J Med. 1999;340:492-501.
43. Tenover FC, Weigel LM, Appelbaum PC, McDougal LK, Chaitram J, McAllister S, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylvania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2004;48:275-80.
44. Contreras G, Gómez C, Leal A, González MP, Navarrete M. Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la vancomicina: una nueva amenaza. Infectio. 2005;9:91-9.
45. Appelbaum PC, Bozdogan B. Vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Lab Med. 2004;24:381-402.
46. Srinivasan A, Dick JD, Perl TM. Vancomycin resistance in staphylococci. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;15:430-8.
47. Smith TL, Pearson M, Wilcox KR, Cruz C, Lancaster M, Robinson-Dunn B, et al. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working
Group. N Eng J Med. 1999;340:493-501.
48. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am J Infect Control. 1988;16:128-40.
49. Blyth CC, Darragh H, Whelan A, O'Shea JP, Beaman MH, McCarthy JS. Evaluation of clinical guidelines for managenement of Staphylococcus aureus bactereaemia. Intern Med J. 2002;32:224-
How to Cite
1.
Tibavizco D, Rodríguez JY, Silva E, Cuervo SI, Cortés JA. Therapeutic approach to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. biomedica [Internet]. 2007 Jun. 1 [cited 2024 May 17];27(2):294-307. Available from: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/226
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