Genotypic survery of Plasmodium falciparum based on the msp1, msp2 and glurp genes by multiplex PCR
Keywords:
Plasmodium falciparum, malaria, polymerase chain reaction, genetic variation, Colombia
Abstract
Introduction. The genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum has been one of the major obstacles for the success of anti-malaria drug therapy. It provides the parasite an ability to evade the host's immune response by generating changes in its antigenic composition and resistance to antimalarial drugs.Objective. The genetic diversity of P.falciparum was characterized in 4 Colombian localities through the analysis of polymorphic genes.
Materials and methods. Eighty-one samples were obtained from patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria and screened for polymorphic variants of msp1, msp2 (merozoite surface proteins) and glurp (glutamate-rich protein) with a multiplex PCR assay. The geographic regions sampled were Tierralta (Córdoba), in northwestern Colombia and in the Orinoco river watershed of eastern Colombia-- Inírida (Guainía), La Carpa (Guaviare), and Casuarito (Vichada).
Results. The MAD20 variant was detected in all samples analyzed for the msp1 gene. For the msp 2 gene, the IC allelic family was found in 96.3% of the samples as compared to 4.9% of the samples with the FC family. Both families showed size polymorphism with bands between 467 and 513 basepairs (bp) for IC and 286 and 300 bp for FC. PCR products of differing sizes were detected for the glurp gene and grouped into 5 size classes: I (600-699 bp) 2.5%, II (700-799 bp) 19.8%, III (800-899 bp) 72.8%, IV (900-999 bp) 1.2% and V (1000-1099 bp) 3.7%.
Conclusions. The msp1 molecular marker did not provide information for differentiating P. falciparum parasite populations. The msp 2 gene was more suitable for studying the genetic diversity, however, further studies are required to identify polymorphisms within the two allelic families. The glurp gene showed a great genetic diversity of circulating P. falciparum populations, and suggested that this gene may be useful for distinguishing between recrudescence and reinfection.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1. World Health Organization, UNICEF, Roll Back Malaria. World Malaria Report 2006. Fecha de consulta: 8 de mayo de 2007. Disponible en: http://www.rbm.who.int/wmr2006/index.html.
2. Ministerio de la Protección Social, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Subdirección de Vigilancia y Control en Salud Pública. Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA). Informe final de malaria. Semanas 1-52. Bogotá: Ministerio de la Protección Social, INS; 2007. Fecha de consulta: 8 de mayo de 2008. Disponible en: http://www.ins.gov.co/?idcategoria=1731&pag=3.
3. Yongyuth Y. Basis for antifolate action and resistance in malaria. Microbes Infect. 2002;4:175-82.
4. Ferreira MU, Ribeiro WL, Tonon AP, Kawamoto F, Rich S. Sequence diversity and evolution of the malaria vaccine candidate merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum. Gene. 2003;304:65-75.
5. Miller L, Roberts T, Shahanbuddin M, McCutcham T. Analysis of sequence diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1). Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993;59:1-14.
6. Fenton B, Clark J, Khan A, Robinson J, Walliker D, Ridley R, et al. Structural and antigenic polymorphism of the 35- to 48- kilodalton merozoite surface antigen (MSA-2) of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Cell Biol. 1991;11:963-71.
7. Borre M, Dziegiel M, Hogh B, Petersen E, Rieneck K, Riley E, et al. Primary structure and localization of a conserved immunogenic Plasmodium falciparum glutamate rich protein (GLURP) expressed in both the preerythrocytic and erytrocytic stages of the vertebrate life cycle. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1991;49:119-31.
8. Roper C, Elhassan I, Hviid L, Giha H, Richardson W, Babiker H, et al. Detection of very low level Plasmodium falciparum infections using the nested polymerase chain reaction and a reassessment of the epidemiology of unstable malaria in Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;54:325-31.
9. Viriyakosol S, Siripoon N, Petcharapirat C, Percharapirat P, Jarra W, Thaithong S, et al. Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum isolates by the polymerase chain reaction and potential uses in epidemiological studies. Bull World Health Organ. 1995;73:85-95.
10. Dorsey G, Gasasira A, Machekano R, Kamya M, Staedke S, Hubbard A. The impact of age, temperature, and parasite density on treatment outcomes from antimalarial clinical trials in Kampala, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71:531-6.
11. Tami A, Grundmann A, Sutherland C, Mcbride J, Cavanagh DR, Campos E, et al. Restricted genetic and antigenic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum under mesoendemic transmission in the Venezuelan Amazon. Parasitology. 2002;124:569-81.
12. Montoya L, Maestre A, Carmona J, Lopes D, do Rosario VE, Blair S. Plasmodium falciparum: diversity studies of isolates from two Colombian regions with different endemicity. Exp Parasitol. 2003;104:14-9.
13. Hijar G, Quino H, Padilla C, Montoya Y. Variabilidad genética de Plasmodium falciparum en pacientes con malaria grave y malaria no complicada en Iquitos, Perú. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Pública. 2002;19:131-5.
14. Muguttu K, Priotto G, Guthmann J, Kigali J, Adjuik M, Snounou G, et al. Molecular genotyping in malaria treatment trial in Uganda unexpected high rate of new infections within 2 weeks after treatment. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:219-23.
15. Jongwutiwes S, Tanabe K, Nakazawa S, Yanagi T, Kanbara H. Sequence variation in the tripeptide repeats and T cell epitopes in P190 (MSA-1) of Plasmodium falciparum from field isolates. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1992;51:81-90.
16. Raj D, Bibhu R, Dash A, Supakar P. Genetic diversity in the merozoite surface protein 1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum in different malaria endemic localities. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71:285-9.
17. Marshall VM, Coppel RL, Anders R, Kemp D. Two novel alleles within subfamilies of the merozoite surface antigen 2 (MSA-2) of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1992;50:181-4.
18. Snewin V, Herrera M, Sánchez G, Scherf A, Langsley G, Herrera S. Polymorphism of the alleles of the merozoite surface antigens MSA1 and MSA2 in Plasmodium falciparum wild isolates from Colombia. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1991;49:265-76.
19. Terrientes Z, Vergara J, Kramer K, Herrera S, Chang S. Restricted genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein 1 in isolates from Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73(Suppl.5):55-61.
20. Gómez D, Chaparro J, Rubiano C, Rojas O, Wasserman M. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum field samples from an isolated Colombia village. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67:611-6.
21. Guerra-Neira A, Rubio JM, Royo JR, Ortega JC, Auñón AS, Díaz PB, et al. Plasmodium diversity in non-malaria individuals from the Bioko Island in Equatorial Guinea (West Central Africa). Int J Health Geogr. 2006;5:27.
22. Pardo L, González IJ, Osorio L. Determinación de la multiplicidad de infección de Plasmodium falciparum por medio de la amplificación por PCR de los genes msp1, msp2 y glurp en Quibdó, Chocó. 2001. CIDEIM. p. 12-47. Fecha de consulta: 27 de julio de 2008. Disponible en: http://www.scribd.com/doc/3227258/Vol623-g.
23. Montoya L, Maestre A, Blair S, Carmona J. Variabilidad genética en cepas de Plasmodium falciparum circulantes en regiones colombianas con riesgo diferente de malaria. Fecha de consulta: 27 de julio de 2008. Disponible en: http://www.ces.edu.co/Descargas%5CPubl_Med_Vol15_2%5C49-95_15-2.pdf.
24. Pérez MA, Cortés LJ, Guerra AP, Knudson A, Usta C, Nicholls RS. Eficacia de la combinación amodiaquina más sulfadoxina-pirimetamina y de la cloroquina para el tratamiento de paludismo en Córdoba, Colombia, 2006. Biomédica. 2008;28:148-59.
25. Snounou G, Beck HP. The use of PCR genotyping in the assessment of recrudescence or reinfection after antimalarial drug treatment. Parasitol Today. 1998; 14:462-7.
26. Kho WG, Chung JY, Sim EJ, Kim MY, Kim DW, Jongwutiwes S, et al. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction for a differential diagnosis of Plasmodiun falciparum and Plasmodiun vivax. Parasitol Int. 2003;52:229-36.
27. Rubio JM, Roche PJ, Moyano E, Benito A. The potential utility of the semi-nested multiplex PCR technique for the diagnosis and investigation of congenital malaria. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;38:233-6.
28. Guerra AP, Knudson A, Nicholls RS, Galindo J, Ravid Z, Rahirant S, et al. Genotipificación de los genes msp1 (bloque 2) y dhfr (codón 108) de Plasmodium falciparum en muestras de campo recolectadas en cuatro localidades endémicas de Colombia. Biomédica. 2006;26:101-12.
29. World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Last revision. 52nd WMA General Assembly. Edinburgh (Scotland): World Medical Association; 2000.
30. Ministerio de Salud. Dirección de desarrollo científico y tecnológico. Normas científicas, técnicas y administrativas para la investigación en salud. Resolución No. 008430 de 1993. Santafé de Bogotá: Imprenta Nacional; 1993.
31. Congreso de la República de Colombia. Código del menor. Derechos del niño. Decreto 2737, artículo 13. Bogotá D.C.: Congreso de la República de Colombia; 1989.
32. Cattamanchi A, Kyabayinze D, Hubbard A, Rosenthal P, Dorsey G. Distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection in a longitudinal antimalarial drug efficacy study: comparison of results based on genotyping of msp1, msp2 and glurp. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68:133-9.
33. Slater M, Kiggundu M, Dokomajilar C, Kamya M, Bakyaita N, Talisuna A, et al. Distinguishing recrudescences from new infections in antimalarial clinical trials: major impact of interpretation of genotyping results on estimates of drug efficacy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:256-62.
34. Mugittu K, Adjuik M, Snounou G, Ntoumi F, Taylor W, Mshinda H, et al. Molecular genotyping to distinguish between recrudescent and new infections in treatment trials of Plasmodium falciparum malaria conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa: Adjustment of parasitological outcomes and assessment of genotyping effectiveness. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:1350-9.
35. Jiménez JN, Snounou G, Letourneur F, Rénia L, Vélez ID, Muskus CE. Near-fixation of a Pfmsp1 block 2 allelic variant in genetically diverse Plasmodium falciparum populations across Western Colombia. Acta Trop. 2010;114:67-70.36.
36. Peek R, Gool TV, Panchoe D, Greve S, Bus E, Resida L. Drug resistance and genetic diversity of Plasmodiun falciparum parasites from Suriname. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:833-8.
37. Haddad D, Snounou G, Mattei D, Enamorado I, Figueroa J, Stahl S, et al. Limited genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in field isolates from Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60:30-4.
38. Snounou G, Xinping Z, Siripoon N, Jarra W, Viriyakosol S. Biased distribution of msp1 and msp2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93:369-74.
39. Babiker HA, Abdel AA, Hamad A, Mackinnon MJ. Population dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum in an unstable malaria area of Sudan. Parasitology. 2000;120:105-11.
40. Happi C, Gbotosho G, Sowunmi A, Falade C, Akinboye D, Gerena L, et al. Molecular analysis of Plasmodium falciparum recrudescent malaria infections in children treated with chloroquine in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:20-6.
41. Farnert A, Bjorkman A. Short report: limited advantage of multiple consecutive samples for genotyping Plasmodium falciparum populations during the first days of treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:204-6.
42. Mlambo G, Sullivan D, Mutambu S, Soko W, Mbedzi J, Chivenga J, et al. Analysis of genetic polymorphism in select vaccine candidate antigens and microsatellite loci in Plasmodium falciparum from endemic areas at varying altitudes. Acta Trop. 2007;102:201-5.
2. Ministerio de la Protección Social, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Subdirección de Vigilancia y Control en Salud Pública. Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública (SIVIGILA). Informe final de malaria. Semanas 1-52. Bogotá: Ministerio de la Protección Social, INS; 2007. Fecha de consulta: 8 de mayo de 2008. Disponible en: http://www.ins.gov.co/?idcategoria=1731&pag=3.
3. Yongyuth Y. Basis for antifolate action and resistance in malaria. Microbes Infect. 2002;4:175-82.
4. Ferreira MU, Ribeiro WL, Tonon AP, Kawamoto F, Rich S. Sequence diversity and evolution of the malaria vaccine candidate merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum. Gene. 2003;304:65-75.
5. Miller L, Roberts T, Shahanbuddin M, McCutcham T. Analysis of sequence diversity in the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1). Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993;59:1-14.
6. Fenton B, Clark J, Khan A, Robinson J, Walliker D, Ridley R, et al. Structural and antigenic polymorphism of the 35- to 48- kilodalton merozoite surface antigen (MSA-2) of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Cell Biol. 1991;11:963-71.
7. Borre M, Dziegiel M, Hogh B, Petersen E, Rieneck K, Riley E, et al. Primary structure and localization of a conserved immunogenic Plasmodium falciparum glutamate rich protein (GLURP) expressed in both the preerythrocytic and erytrocytic stages of the vertebrate life cycle. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1991;49:119-31.
8. Roper C, Elhassan I, Hviid L, Giha H, Richardson W, Babiker H, et al. Detection of very low level Plasmodium falciparum infections using the nested polymerase chain reaction and a reassessment of the epidemiology of unstable malaria in Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;54:325-31.
9. Viriyakosol S, Siripoon N, Petcharapirat C, Percharapirat P, Jarra W, Thaithong S, et al. Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum isolates by the polymerase chain reaction and potential uses in epidemiological studies. Bull World Health Organ. 1995;73:85-95.
10. Dorsey G, Gasasira A, Machekano R, Kamya M, Staedke S, Hubbard A. The impact of age, temperature, and parasite density on treatment outcomes from antimalarial clinical trials in Kampala, Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71:531-6.
11. Tami A, Grundmann A, Sutherland C, Mcbride J, Cavanagh DR, Campos E, et al. Restricted genetic and antigenic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum under mesoendemic transmission in the Venezuelan Amazon. Parasitology. 2002;124:569-81.
12. Montoya L, Maestre A, Carmona J, Lopes D, do Rosario VE, Blair S. Plasmodium falciparum: diversity studies of isolates from two Colombian regions with different endemicity. Exp Parasitol. 2003;104:14-9.
13. Hijar G, Quino H, Padilla C, Montoya Y. Variabilidad genética de Plasmodium falciparum en pacientes con malaria grave y malaria no complicada en Iquitos, Perú. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Pública. 2002;19:131-5.
14. Muguttu K, Priotto G, Guthmann J, Kigali J, Adjuik M, Snounou G, et al. Molecular genotyping in malaria treatment trial in Uganda unexpected high rate of new infections within 2 weeks after treatment. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:219-23.
15. Jongwutiwes S, Tanabe K, Nakazawa S, Yanagi T, Kanbara H. Sequence variation in the tripeptide repeats and T cell epitopes in P190 (MSA-1) of Plasmodium falciparum from field isolates. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1992;51:81-90.
16. Raj D, Bibhu R, Dash A, Supakar P. Genetic diversity in the merozoite surface protein 1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum in different malaria endemic localities. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;71:285-9.
17. Marshall VM, Coppel RL, Anders R, Kemp D. Two novel alleles within subfamilies of the merozoite surface antigen 2 (MSA-2) of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1992;50:181-4.
18. Snewin V, Herrera M, Sánchez G, Scherf A, Langsley G, Herrera S. Polymorphism of the alleles of the merozoite surface antigens MSA1 and MSA2 in Plasmodium falciparum wild isolates from Colombia. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1991;49:265-76.
19. Terrientes Z, Vergara J, Kramer K, Herrera S, Chang S. Restricted genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum major merozoite surface protein 1 in isolates from Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73(Suppl.5):55-61.
20. Gómez D, Chaparro J, Rubiano C, Rojas O, Wasserman M. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum field samples from an isolated Colombia village. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67:611-6.
21. Guerra-Neira A, Rubio JM, Royo JR, Ortega JC, Auñón AS, Díaz PB, et al. Plasmodium diversity in non-malaria individuals from the Bioko Island in Equatorial Guinea (West Central Africa). Int J Health Geogr. 2006;5:27.
22. Pardo L, González IJ, Osorio L. Determinación de la multiplicidad de infección de Plasmodium falciparum por medio de la amplificación por PCR de los genes msp1, msp2 y glurp en Quibdó, Chocó. 2001. CIDEIM. p. 12-47. Fecha de consulta: 27 de julio de 2008. Disponible en: http://www.scribd.com/doc/3227258/Vol623-g.
23. Montoya L, Maestre A, Blair S, Carmona J. Variabilidad genética en cepas de Plasmodium falciparum circulantes en regiones colombianas con riesgo diferente de malaria. Fecha de consulta: 27 de julio de 2008. Disponible en: http://www.ces.edu.co/Descargas%5CPubl_Med_Vol15_2%5C49-95_15-2.pdf.
24. Pérez MA, Cortés LJ, Guerra AP, Knudson A, Usta C, Nicholls RS. Eficacia de la combinación amodiaquina más sulfadoxina-pirimetamina y de la cloroquina para el tratamiento de paludismo en Córdoba, Colombia, 2006. Biomédica. 2008;28:148-59.
25. Snounou G, Beck HP. The use of PCR genotyping in the assessment of recrudescence or reinfection after antimalarial drug treatment. Parasitol Today. 1998; 14:462-7.
26. Kho WG, Chung JY, Sim EJ, Kim MY, Kim DW, Jongwutiwes S, et al. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction for a differential diagnosis of Plasmodiun falciparum and Plasmodiun vivax. Parasitol Int. 2003;52:229-36.
27. Rubio JM, Roche PJ, Moyano E, Benito A. The potential utility of the semi-nested multiplex PCR technique for the diagnosis and investigation of congenital malaria. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2000;38:233-6.
28. Guerra AP, Knudson A, Nicholls RS, Galindo J, Ravid Z, Rahirant S, et al. Genotipificación de los genes msp1 (bloque 2) y dhfr (codón 108) de Plasmodium falciparum en muestras de campo recolectadas en cuatro localidades endémicas de Colombia. Biomédica. 2006;26:101-12.
29. World Medical Association. Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Last revision. 52nd WMA General Assembly. Edinburgh (Scotland): World Medical Association; 2000.
30. Ministerio de Salud. Dirección de desarrollo científico y tecnológico. Normas científicas, técnicas y administrativas para la investigación en salud. Resolución No. 008430 de 1993. Santafé de Bogotá: Imprenta Nacional; 1993.
31. Congreso de la República de Colombia. Código del menor. Derechos del niño. Decreto 2737, artículo 13. Bogotá D.C.: Congreso de la República de Colombia; 1989.
32. Cattamanchi A, Kyabayinze D, Hubbard A, Rosenthal P, Dorsey G. Distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection in a longitudinal antimalarial drug efficacy study: comparison of results based on genotyping of msp1, msp2 and glurp. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68:133-9.
33. Slater M, Kiggundu M, Dokomajilar C, Kamya M, Bakyaita N, Talisuna A, et al. Distinguishing recrudescences from new infections in antimalarial clinical trials: major impact of interpretation of genotyping results on estimates of drug efficacy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:256-62.
34. Mugittu K, Adjuik M, Snounou G, Ntoumi F, Taylor W, Mshinda H, et al. Molecular genotyping to distinguish between recrudescent and new infections in treatment trials of Plasmodium falciparum malaria conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa: Adjustment of parasitological outcomes and assessment of genotyping effectiveness. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:1350-9.
35. Jiménez JN, Snounou G, Letourneur F, Rénia L, Vélez ID, Muskus CE. Near-fixation of a Pfmsp1 block 2 allelic variant in genetically diverse Plasmodium falciparum populations across Western Colombia. Acta Trop. 2010;114:67-70.36.
36. Peek R, Gool TV, Panchoe D, Greve S, Bus E, Resida L. Drug resistance and genetic diversity of Plasmodiun falciparum parasites from Suriname. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:833-8.
37. Haddad D, Snounou G, Mattei D, Enamorado I, Figueroa J, Stahl S, et al. Limited genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in field isolates from Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;60:30-4.
38. Snounou G, Xinping Z, Siripoon N, Jarra W, Viriyakosol S. Biased distribution of msp1 and msp2 allelic variants in Plasmodium falciparum populations in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999;93:369-74.
39. Babiker HA, Abdel AA, Hamad A, Mackinnon MJ. Population dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum in an unstable malaria area of Sudan. Parasitology. 2000;120:105-11.
40. Happi C, Gbotosho G, Sowunmi A, Falade C, Akinboye D, Gerena L, et al. Molecular analysis of Plasmodium falciparum recrudescent malaria infections in children treated with chloroquine in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:20-6.
41. Farnert A, Bjorkman A. Short report: limited advantage of multiple consecutive samples for genotyping Plasmodium falciparum populations during the first days of treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;73:204-6.
42. Mlambo G, Sullivan D, Mutambu S, Soko W, Mbedzi J, Chivenga J, et al. Analysis of genetic polymorphism in select vaccine candidate antigens and microsatellite loci in Plasmodium falciparum from endemic areas at varying altitudes. Acta Trop. 2007;102:201-5.
How to Cite
1.
Barrera SM, Pérez MA, Knudson A, Nicholls RS, Guerra Ángela P. Genotypic survery of Plasmodium falciparum based on the msp1, msp2 and glurp genes by multiplex PCR. biomedica [Internet]. 2010 Dec. 1 [cited 2024 May 13];30(4):530-8. Available from: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/291
Some similar items:
- Alberto Tobón-Castaño, John Edison Betancur, Severe malaria in pregnant women hospitalized between 2010 and 2014 in the Department of Antioquia (Colombia) , Biomedica: Vol. 39 No. 2 (2019)
- Amanda Maestre, Jaime Carmona-Fonseca, Amanda Maestre, Alta frecuencia de mutaciones puntuales en pfcrt de Plasmodium falciparum y emergencia de nuevos haplotipos mutantes en Colombia , Biomedica: Vol. 28 No. 4 (2008)
- Jaime Carmona-Fonseca, Eliana Arango, Silvia Blair, Gametocytemia in falciparum malaria treated with amodiaquine or artesunate , Biomedica: Vol. 28 No. 2 (2008)
- Angélica Knudson, Rubén Santiago Nicholls, Ángela Patricia Guerra, Ricardo Sánchez, Clinical profiles of patients with uncomplicated Plasmodum falciparum malaria in northwestern Colombia , Biomedica: Vol. 27 No. 4 (2007)
- John Alexander Galindo, Fabio Aníbal Cristiano, Angélica Knudson, Rubén Santiago Nicholls, Ángela Patricia Guerra, Point mutations in dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthase genes of Plasmodium falciparum from three endemic malaria regions in Colombia , Biomedica: Vol. 30 No. 1 (2010)
- Silvia Blair, Eliana Arango, Jaime Carmona Fonseca, In vitro susceptibility of Colombian Plasmodium falciparum isolates to different antimalarial drugs , Biomedica: Vol. 28 No. 2 (2008)
- Nohora Marcela Mendoza, Marisol García, Liliana Jazmín Cortés, Claudia Vela, Rigoberto Erazo, Pilar Pérez, Olga Lucía Ospina, Javier Darío Burgos, Evaluation of two rapid diagnostic tests, NOW® ICT Malaria Pf/Pv and OptiMAL®, for diagnosis of malaria , Biomedica: Vol. 27 No. 4 (2007)
- Silvia Blair, Ana Mercedes Rada, Carolina Moreno, Successful in vitro culture of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes , Biomedica: Vol. 28 No. 4 (2008)
- Juan Gabriel Piñeros, Margarita Arboleda, Juan Camilo Jaramillo, Silvia Blair, Report of five cases of severe neonatal Plasmodium vivax malaria in Urabá, Colombia , Biomedica: Vol. 28 No. 4 (2008)
- Rosa Magdalena Uscátegui, Adriana M. Correa, Jaime Carmona-Fonseca, Changes in retinol, hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations in Colombian children with malaria , Biomedica: Vol. 29 No. 2 (2009)
Published
2010-12-01
Issue
Section
Original articles
| Article metrics | |
|---|---|
| Abstract views | |
| Galley vies | |
| PDF Views | |
| HTML views | |
| Other views | |
