Taxonomía de los hongos: un rompecabezas al que le faltan muchas piezas
Resumen
Los hongos son organismos polifacéticos presentes en casi todos los ecosistemas de la tierra, donde establecen diversos tipos de simbiosis con otros seres vivos. A pesar de ser reconocidos por los humanos desde la antigüedad –y de la cantidad de trabajos que han profundizado sobre su biología y ecología–, aún falta mucho por conocer sobre estos organismos.
Algunos de los criterios que clásicamente se han utilizado para su estudio, hoy resultan limitados y hasta cierto punto permiten un agrupamiento de los aislamientos según algunas características, pero generan confusión en su clasificación y, más aún, cuando se pretende comprender sus relaciones genealógicas.
Los caracteres fenotípicos no son suficientes para identificar una especie de hongos y, menos aún, para construir una filogenia amplia o de un grupo particular. Hay grandes vacíos que hacen que los árboles generados sean inestables y fácilmente debatidos.
Para los profesionales de la salud, parece que la identificación de los hongos hasta niveles inferiores como género y especie es suficiente para elegir el tratamiento más adecuado para su control, comprender la epidemiología de los cuadros clínicos asociados y reconocer los brotes y los factores determinantes de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos. No obstante, la ubicación taxonómica dentro del reino permitiría establecer relaciones filogenéticas entre los taxones fúngicos, facilitando la comprensión de su biología, su distribución en la naturaleza y la evolución de su potencial patogénico.
Descargas
Referencias bibliográficas
Purvis A, Hector A. Getting the measure of biodiversity. Nature. 2000;405:2129. https://doi.org/10.1038/35012221
Lodge DJ. Nutrient cycling by fungi in wet tropical forests. In: Isaac S, Frankland JC, Watling R and Whalley AJS, editors. Aspects of tropical mycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1992. p. 37-57.
Goodell B. 15 fungi involved in the biodeterioration and bioconversion of lignocellulose substrates. In: Benz JP, Schipper K, editors. Genetics and biotechnology. 3rd edition. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 36997. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49924-2_15
El-Baky NA, Amara AA. Recent approaches towards control of fungal diseases in plants: An updated review. J Fungi. 2021;7:900-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7110900
Köhler JR, Casadevall A, Perfect J. The spectrum of fungi that infects humans. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a019273
Rokas A. Evolution of the human pathogenic lifestyle in fungi. Nat Microbiol. 2022;7:60719. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01112-0
Gadre A, Enbiale W, Andersen LK, Coates SJ. The effects of climate change on fungal diseases with cutaneous manifestations: A report from the International Society of Dermatology Climate Change Committee. J Clim Change Health. 2022;6:100156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joclim.2022.100156
Singh BK, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Egidi E, Guirado E, Leach JE, Liu H, et al. Climate change impacts on plant pathogens, food security and paths forward. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;117. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-023-00900-7
Vitiello A, Ferrara F, Boccellino M, Ponzo A, Cimmino C, Comberiati E, et al. Antifungal drug resistance: An emergent health threat. Biomedicines. 2023;11:1063. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041063
Roth MG, Westrick NM, Baldwin TT. Fungal biotechnology: From yesterday to tomorrow. Front Fungal Biol. 2023;4. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffunb.2023.1135263
Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Põlme S, Kõljalg U, Yorou NS, Wijesundera R, et al. Global diversity and geography of soil fungi. Science. 2014;346:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1256688
Hawksworth DL, May TW, Redhead SA. Fungal nomenclature evolving: Changes adopted by the 19th International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen 2017, and procedures for the Fungal Nomenclature Session at the 11th International Mycological Congress in Puerto Rico 2018. IMA Fungus. 2017;8:211. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.02.01
Kidd SE, Abdolrasouli A, Hagen F. Fungal nomenclature: Managing change is the name of the game. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac559
Zachos FE. Historical development, theoretical foundations and practical relevance. In: Zachos FE: Species concepts in biology. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 220.
Xu J. Fungal species concepts in the genomics era. Genome. 2020;63:45968. https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2020-0022
Chethana KW, Manawasinghe IS, Hurdeal VG, Bhunjun CS, Appadoo MA, Gentekaki E, et al. What are fungal species and how to delineate them? Fungal Divers. 2021;109:1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00483-9
Stengel A, Stanke KM, Quattrone AC, Herr JR. Improving taxonomic delimitation of fungal species in the age of genomics and phenomics. Front Microbiol. 2022;13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.847067
Vellinga EC, Kuyper TW, Ammirati J, Desjardin DE, Halling RE, Justo A, et al. Six simple guidelines for introducing new genera of fungi. IMA Fungus. 2015;6:658. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03449356
Wu B, Hussain M, Zhang W, Stadler M, Liu X, Xiang M. Current insights into fungal species diversity and perspective on naming the environmental DNA sequences of fungi. Mycology. 2019;10:12740. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2019.1614106
Wang F, Wang K, Cai L, Zhao M, Kirk PM, Fan G, et al. Fungal names: A comprehensive nomenclatural repository and knowledge base for fungal taxonomy. Nucleic Acids Res. 2023;51:D70816. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac926
Rossman AY. Lessons learned from moving to one scientific name for fungi. IMA Fungus. 2014;5:819. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.01.10
Hyde KD, Abd-Elsalam K, Cai L. Morphology: Still essential in a molecular world. Mycotaxon. 2011;114:43951. https://doi.org/10.5248/114.439
Singer R. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books; 1986. p. 981.
Naranjo-Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: Diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of the Fungi. Biol Rev. 2019;94:210137. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12550
Brandt ME, Warnock DW. Taxonomy and classification of the Fungi. Taxonomy, classification, and nomenclature of Fungi. In: Jonhson EM, Pritt BS, editors. Manual of clinical microbiology. 12th edition. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press; p. 200811. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781683670438.MCM.ch116_3
Wang Z, Nilsson RH, James TY, Dai Y, Townsend JP. Future perspectives and challenges of fungal systematics in the age of big data. In: Li D, editor. Biology of microfungi. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 2546.
Gautam AK, Verma RK, Avasthi S, Sushma, Bohra Y, Devadatha B, et al. Current insight into traditional and modern methods in fungal diversity estimates. J Fungi. 2022;8:226. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8030226
Hibbett DS, Taylor JW. Fungal systematics: Is a new age of enlightenment at hand? Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11:12933. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2963
Antil S, Abraham JS, Sripoorna S, Maurya S, Dagar J, Makhija S, et al. DNA barcoding, an effective tool for species identification: A review. Mol Biol Rep. 2023;50:76175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-08015-7
Bruns TD, White TJ, Taylor JW. Fungal molecular systematics. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1991;22:52564. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.002521
Hawksworth DL, Crous PW, Redhead SA, Reynolds DR, Samson RA, Seifert KA, et al. The Amsterdam declaration on fungal nomenclature. IMA Fungus. 2011;2:10512. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.14
Schoch CL, Seifert KA, Huhndorf S, Robert V, Spouge JL, Levesque CA, et al. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:62416. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117018109
Pervez MT, Hasnain MJU, Abbas SH, Moustafa MF, Aslam N, Shah SSM. A comprehensive review of performance of next-generation sequencing platforms. Biomed Res Int. 2022;2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3457806
Salem-Bango Z, Price TK, Chan JL, Chandrasekaran S, Garner OB, Yang S. Fungal wholegenome sequencing for species identification: From test development to clinical utilization. J Fungi. 2023;9. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9020183
Das R, Rai A, Mishra DC. CNN FunBar: Advanced learning technique for fungi ITS region classification. Genes. 2023;14:634. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14030634
Yahr R, Schoch CL, Dentinger BTM. Scaling up discovery of hidden diversity in fungi: Impacts of barcoding approaches. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2016;371. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0336
Raja HA, Miller AN, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Fungal identification using molecular tools: A primer for the natural products research community. J Nat Prod. 2017;80:75670. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01085
Garnica S, Schön ME, Abarenkov K, Riess K, Liimatainen K, Niskanen T, et al. Determining threshold values for barcoding fungi: Lessons from Cortinarius (Basidiomycota), a highly diverse and widespread ectomycorrhizal genus. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2016;92. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiw045
Balasundaram SV, Engh IB, Skrede I, Kauserud H. How many DNA markers are needed to reveal cryptic fungal species? Fungal Biol. 2015;119:9405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2015.07.006
Chen J, Moinard M, Xu J, Wang S, Foulongne-Oriol M, Zhao R, et al. Genetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer sequences suggest introgression and duplication in the medicinal mushroom Agaricus subrufescens. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0156250. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156250
Stielow JB, Lévesque CA, Seifert KA, Meyer W, Irinyi L, Smits D, et al. One fungus, which genes? Development and assessment of universal primers for potential secondary fungal DNA barcodes. Pers Mol Phylogeny Evol Fungi. 2015;35:24263. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158515X689135
Porras-Alfaro A, Liu KL, Kuske CR, Xiec G. From genus to phylum: Large-subunit and internal transcribed spacer rRNA operon regions show similar classification accuracies influenced by database composition. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014;80:82940. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02894-13
Spatafora JW, Aime MC, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Stajich JE, Blackwell M. The fungal tree of life: From molecular systematics to genome-scale phylogenies. Microbiol Spectr. 2017;5. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0053-2016
Lücking R, Aime MC, Robbertse B, Miller AN, Ariyawansa HA, Aoki T, et al. Unambiguous identification of fungi: Where do we stand and how accurate and precise is fungal DNA barcoding? IMA Fungus. 2020;11:132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-020-00033-z
Xu J. Fungal DNA barcoding. Genome. 2016;59:91332. https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2016-0046
Oliveira M, Azevedo L. Molecular markers: An overview of data published for fungi over the last ten years. J Fungi. 2022;8:803. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8080803
Bradshaw MJ, Guan GX, Nokes L, Braun U, Liu SY, Pfister DH. Secondary DNA barcodes (CAM, GAPDH, GS, and RpB2) to characterize species complexes and strengthen the powdery mildew phylogeny. Front Ecol Evol. 2022;10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.918908
Tekpinar AD, Kalmer A. Utility of various molecular markers in fungal identification and phylogeny. Nova Hedwigia. 2019;109:187224. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2019/0528
Bisby GR, Ainsworth GC. The numbers of fungi. TBMS. 1943;26:169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(43)80005-X
Hawksworth DL. The fungal dimension of biodiversity: Magnitude, significance, and conservation. Mycol Res. 1991;95:64155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80810-1
Blackwell M. The fungi: 1, 2, 3... 5.1 million species? Am J Bot. 2011;98:42638. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000298
Hawksworth DL, Lücking R. Fungal diversity revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 million species. Microbiol Spectr. 2017;5. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0052-2016
Baldrian P, Větrovský T, Lepinay C, Kohout P. High-throughput sequencing view on the magnitude of global fungal diversity. Fungal Divers. 2021;114:53947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-021-00472-y
Hawksworth DL, Rossman AY. Where are all the undescribed fungi? Phytopathology. 1997;87:88891. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.9.888
Fierer N, Jackson RB. The diversity and biogeography of soil bacterial communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:62631. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.050753510
May TW, Redhead SA, Bensch K, Hawksworth DL, Lendemer J, Lombard L, et al. Chapter F of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants as approved by the 11th International Mycological Congress, San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 2018. IMA Fungus. 2019;10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-019-0019-1
Grossart HP, Wurzbacher C, James TY, Kagami M. Discovery of dark matter fungi in aquatic ecosystems demands a reappraisal of the phylogeny and ecology of zoosporic fungi. Fungal Ecol. 2016;19:2838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2015.06.004
Tedersoo L, Bahram M, Puusepp R, Nilsson RH, James TY. Novel soil-inhabiting clades fill gaps in the fungal tree of life. Microbiome. 2017;5:110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0259-5
Bauer R, Garnica S, Oberwinkler F, Riess K, Weiß M, Begerow D. Entorrhizomycota: A new fungal phylum reveals new perspectives on the evolution of fungi. PLoS ONE. 2015;10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128183
Jayasiri SC, Hyde KD, Ariyawansa HA, Bhat J, Buyck B, Cai L, et al. The faces of fungi database: Fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts. Fungal Divers. 2015;74:318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0351-8
Prakash PY, Irinyi L, Halliday C, Chen S, Robert V, Meyer W. Online databases for taxonomy and identification of pathogenic fungi and proposal for a cloud-based dynamic data network platform. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55:101124. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02084-16
James TY, Stajich JE, Hittinger CT, Rokas A. Toward a fully resolved fungal tree of life. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2020;74:291313. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-022020-051835
Grigoriev I V., Nikitin R, Haridas S, Kuo A, Ohm R, Otillar R, et al. MycoCosm portal: Gearing up for 1000 fungal genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1183
Gleason FH, Scholz B, Jephcott TG, van Ogtrop FF, Henderson L, Lilje O, et al. Key ecological roles for zoosporic true fungi in aquatic habitats. Microbiol Spectr. 2017;5:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0038-2016
Karpov SA, Mamkaeva MA, Aleoshin VV, Nassonova E, Lilje O, Gleason FH. Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112
Murareanu BM, Sukhdeo R, Qu R, Jiang J, Reinke AW. Generation of a Microsporidia species attribute database and analysis of the extensive ecological and phenotypic diversity of Microsporidia. mBio. 2021;12. https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.01490-21
Pombert JF, Selman M, Burki F, Bardell FT, Farinelli L, Solter LF, et al. Gain and loss of multiple functionally related, horizontally transferred genes in the reduced genomes of two microsporidian parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109:1263843. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205020109
Cuomo CA, Desjardins CA, Bakowski MA, Goldberg J, Ma AT, Becnel JJ, et al. Microsporidian genome analysis reveals evolutionary strategies for obligate intracellular growth. Genome Res. 2012;22:247888. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.142802.112
van Gool T, Dankert J. Human microsporidiosis: Clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of an increasing infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 1995;1:7585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.1995.tb00450.x
Gleason FH, Carney LT, Lilje O, Glockling SL. Ecological potentials of species of Rozella (Cryptomycota). Fungal Ecol. 2012;5:6516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2012.05.003
Glotova A, Nassonova E. Rozellids and aphelids: Cryptic diversity and distribution in the environment. Protistology. 2022;16:25165. https://doi.org/10.21685/1680-0826-2022-16-4-1
Li Y, Steenwyk JL, Chang Y, Wang Y, James TY, Stajich JE, et al. A genome-scale phylogeny of the kingdom Fungi. Curr Biol. 2021;31:1653-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.074
James TY, Kauff F, Schoch CL, Matheny PB, Hofstetter V, Cox CJ, et al. Reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature. 2006;443:81822. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05110
Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, et al. A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia. 2016;108:1028. https://doi.org/10.3852/16-042
Dee JM, Mollicone M, Longcore JE, Roberson RW, Berbee ML. Cytology and molecular phylogenetics of Monoblepharidomycetes provide evidence for multiple independent origins of the hyphal habit in the Fungi. Mycologia. 2015;107:71028. https://doi.org/10.3852/14-275
Dai DQ, Wijayawardene NN, Zhang GQ, Gao Y, Wijayawardene NN, Hyde KD, et al. Outline of fungi and fungus-like taxa 2021. Mycosphere. 2022;13:53453. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2
Tedersoo L, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Kõljalg U, Bahram M, Döring M, Schigel D, et al. Highlevel classification of the fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Divers. 2018;90:13559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0
Chang Y, Wang S, Sekimoto S, Aerts AL, Choi C, Clum A, et al. Phylogenomic analyses indicate that early fungi evolved digesting cell walls of algal ancestors of land plants. Genome Biol Evol. 2015;7:1590601. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evv090
Wu B, Hao W, Cox MP. Reconstruction of gene innovation associated with major evolutionary transitions in the kingdom Fungi. BMC Biol. 2022;20:111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01346-8
Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE, et al. A higherlevel phylogenetic classification of the fungi. Mycol Res. 2007;111:50947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004
Berger L, Speare R, Daszak P, Green DE, Cunningham AA, Goggin CL, et al. Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:90316. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.15.9031
James TY, Letcher PM, Longcore JE, Mozley-Standridge SE, Porter D, Powell MJ, et al. A molecular phylogeny of the flagellated fungi (Chytridiomycota) and description of a new phylum (Blastocladiomycota). Mycologia. 2017;98:86071. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832616
Hanafy RA, Dagar SS, Griffith GW, Pratt CJ, Youssef NH, Elshahed MS. Taxonomy of the anaerobic gut fungi (Neocallimastigomycota): A review of classification criteria and description of current taxa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2022;72:005322. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.005322
Youssef NH, Couger MB, Struchtemeyer CG, Liggenstoffer AS, Prade RA, Najar FZ, et al. The genome of the anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces sp. strain c1a reveals the unique evolutionary history of a remarkable plant biomass degrader. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79:462034. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00821-13
Strullu-Derrien C, Selosse MA, Kenrick P, Martin FM. The origin and evolution of mycorrhizal symbioses: From palaeomycology to phylogenomics. New Phytologist. 2018;220:101230. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15076
Davis WJ, Amses KR, Benny GL, Carter-House D, Chang Y, Grigoriev I, et al. Genomescale phylogenetics reveals a monophyletic Zoopagales (Zoopagomycota, Fungi). Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2019;133:15263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.006
Tretter ED, Johnson EM, Benny GL, Lichtwardt RW, Wang Y, Kandel P, et al. An eight-gene molecular phylogeny of the Kickxellomycotina, including the first phylogenetic placement of Asellariales. Mycologia. 2017;106:91235. https://doi.org/10.3852/13-253
Humber RA. Entomophthoromycota: A new phylum and reclassification for entomophthoroid fungi. Mycotaxon. 2012;120:47792. https://doi.org/10.5248/120.477
Manning RJ, Callaghan AA. Pathogenicity of Conidiobolus spp. and Basidiobolus ranarum to arthropods co-occurring in leaf litter. Fungal Ecol. 2008;1:339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2007.12.003
Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME, Hodge K, Huang B, Voigt K, et al. Phylogenetic lineages in Entomophthoromycota. Pers Mol Phylogeny Evol Fungi. 2013;30:94-105. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158513X666330
Hoffmann K, Voigt K, Kirk PM. Mortierellomycotina subphyl. nov., based on multi-gene genealogies. Mycotaxon. 2011;115:35363. https://doi.org/10.5248/115.353
Hoffmann K, Pawłowska J, Walther G, Wrzosek M, de Hoog GS, Benny GL, et al. The family structure of the Mucorales: A synoptic revision based on comprehensive multigenegenealogies. Pers Mol Phylogeny Evol Fungi. 2013;30:5776. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158513X666259
Oehl F, Sieverding E, Palenzuela J, Ineichen K, da Silva GA. Advances in Glomeromycota taxonomy and classification. IMA Fungus. 2011;2:1919. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.02.10
Wagner L, Stielow B, Hoffmann K, Petkovits T, Papp T, Vágvölgyi C, et al. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the Mortierellales (Mortierellomycotina) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA. Pers Mol Phylogeny Evol Fungi. 2013;30:7793. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158513X666268
Desirò A, Rimington WR, Jacob A, Vande-Pol N, Smith ME, Trappe JM, et al. Multigene phylogeny of Endogonales, an early diverging lineage of fungi associated with plants. IMA Fungus. 2017;8:24557. https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.02.03
Tahiri G, Lax C, Cánovas-Márquez JT, Carrillo-Marín P, Sanchis M, Navarro E, et al. Mucorales and mucormycosis: Recent insights and future prospects. J Fungi. 2023;9:335. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9030335
Schoch CL, Sung GH, López-Giráldez F, Townsend JP, Miadlikowska J, Hofstetter V, et al. The Ascomycota tree of life: A phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Syst Biol. 2009;58:22439. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syp020
Rokas A. Evolution of the human pathogenic lifestyle in fungi. Nat Microbiol. 2022;7:60719. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01112-0
Nguyen TA, Cissé OH, Yun Wong J, Zheng P, Hewitt D, Nowrousian M, et al. Innovation and constraint leading to complex multicellularity in the Ascomycota. Nat Commun. 2017;8:113. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14444
Kurtzman C, Fell JW. Boekhout T. The yeasts. A taxonomic study. 5th edition. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 2011. p. 2354.
Dujon BA, Louis EJ. Genome diversity and evolution in the budding yeasts (Saccharomycotina). Genetics. 2017;206:71750. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.116.199216
Borman AM, Johnson EM. Name changes for fungi of medical importance, 2018 to 2019. J Clin Microbiol. 2021;59. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01811-20
Sarikaya-Bayram Ö, Palmer JM, Keller N, Braus GH, Bayram Ö. One Juliet and four Romeos: VeA and its methyltransferases. Front Microbiol. 2015;6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00001
Bisby FA, Roskov YR, Orrell TM, Nicolson D, Paglinawan LE, Bailly N. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, Annual Checklist. Species 2000/ ITIS; 2006. Accessed: June 2, 2023. Available from: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2006
Zhao RL, Li GJ, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Stata M, Yang ZL, Wu G, et al. A six-gene phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and allied phyla with estimated divergence times of higher taxa and a phyloproteomics perspective. Fungal Divers. 2017;84:4374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0381-5
McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW. Systematics and evolution: Part A. Second edition. Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2014. p.1461.
Prasanna AN, Gerber D, Kijpornyongpan T, Aime MC, Doyle VP, Nagy LG. Model choice, missing data, and taxon sampling impact phylogenomic inference of deep Basidiomycota relationships. Syst Biol. 2020;69:1737. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz029
Schell WA, Lee AG, Aime MC. A new lineage in Pucciniomycotina: Class Tritirachiomycetes, order Tritirachiales, family Tritirachiaceae. Mycologia. 2017;103:133140. https://doi.org/10.3852/10-333
Tavares S, Ramos AP, Pires AS, Azinheira HG, Caldeirinha P, Link T, et al. Genome size analyses of Pucciniales reveal the largest fungal genomes. Front Plant Sci. 2014;5:422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00422
Hibbett DS. A phylogenetic overview of the Agaricomycotina. Mycologia. 2017;98:91725. https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.98.6.917
Liu XZ, Wang QM, Göker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin AV, Lumbsch HT, et al. Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes. Stud Mycol. 2015;81:85147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001
Shirouzu T, Hirose D, Oberwinkler F, Shimomura N, Maekawa N, Tokumasu S. Combined molecular and morphological data for improving phylogenetic hypothesis in Dacrymycetes. Mycologia. 2017;105:111025. https://doi.org/10.3852/12-147
Riess K, Schön ME, Ziegler R, Lutz M, Shivas RG, Piątek M, et al. The origin and diversification of the Entorrhizales: Deep evolutionary roots but recent speciation with a phylogenetic and phenotypic split between associates of the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. Org Divers Evol. 2019;19:1330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-018-0384-4
Galindo LJ, López-García P, Torruella G, Karpov S, Moreira D. Phylogenomics of a new fungal phylum reveals multiple waves of reductive evolution across Holomycota. Nat Commun. 2021;12:114. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25308-w
Chang Y, Rochon DA, Sekimoto S, Wang Y, Chovatia M, Sandor L, et al. Genome-scale phylogenetic analyses confirm Olpidium as the closest living zoosporic fungus to the nonflagellated, terrestrial fungi. Scient Rep. 2021;11:112. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82607-4
Wijayawardene NN, Pawłowska J, Letcher PM, Kirk PM, Humber RA, Schüßler A, et al. Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi. Fungal Divers. 2018;92:43129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0409-5
Algunos artículos similares:
- Beatriz Montes, Angela Restrepo, Juan G. McEwen, Nuevos aspectos sobre la clasificación de los hongos y su posible aplicación médica. , Biomédica: Vol. 23 Núm. 2 (2003)
- María Fernanda Gutiérrez, Sandra Moreno, Mónica Viviana Alvarado, Andrea Bermúdez, Análisis filogenético de las cepas de rotavirus y virus de la hepatitis A encontradas en agua de consumo en el municipio de Quibdó, Chocó , Biomédica: Vol. 29 Núm. 2 (2009)
- Nicolás Jaramillo, David Alonso Calle, Martha Lucía Quiñones, Holmes Francisco Erazo, Discriminación por morfometría geométrica de once especies de Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) presentes en Colombia , Biomédica: Vol. 28 Núm. 3 (2008)
- Brian Alejandro Suárez, Claudia Liliana Cuervo, Concepción Judith Puerta, La región intergénica del gen H2A apoya las subpoblaciones KP1(-) y KP1(+) de Trypanosoma rangeli , Biomédica: Vol. 27 Núm. 3 (2007)
- Patricia Escandón, Popchai Ngamskulrungroj, Wieland Meyer, Elizabeth Castañeda, Determinación in vitro de la pareja sexual en aislamientos del complejo Cryptococcus neoformans , Biomédica: Vol. 27 Núm. 2 (2007)
- Eduar Elías Bejarano, Patricia Duque, Iván Darío Vélez, Redescripción de la hembra de Lutzomyia vattierae (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) de la serranía de La Macarena, Colombia , Biomédica: Vol. 26 Núm. 4 (2006)
- Manuel Muñoz, Juan Carlos Navarro, Virus Mayaro: un arbovirus reemergente en Venezuela y Latinoamérica , Biomédica: Vol. 32 Núm. 2 (2012)
- Andrés Páez, Constanza Nuñez, Clemencia García, Jorge Boshell, Epidemiología molecular de epizootias de rabia en Colombia, 1994-2002: evidencia de rabia humana y canina asociada a quirópteros. , Biomédica: Vol. 23 Núm. 1 (2003)
- Pablo Octavio-Aguilar, Josefina Ramos-Frías, Aplicación de la genética de poblaciones en el ámbito de la medicina , Biomédica: Vol. 34 Núm. 2 (2014)
- Yolanda Méndez-de Daboín, Milagros Oviedo-Araujo, Adalberto González-Pérez, Jorge Suárez-Hernández, Claudia M. Sandoval, Dalmiro Cazorla, Anomalías morfológicas en los dientes del cibario de Lutzomyia evansi (Diptera: Psychodidae) en el estado Trujillo, Venezuela , Biomédica: Vol. 35 Núm. 2 (2015)
Derechos de autor 2023 Biomédica
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
| Estadísticas de artículo | |
|---|---|
| Vistas de resúmenes | |
| Vistas de PDF | |
| Descargas de PDF | |
| Vistas de HTML | |
| Otras vistas | |
