Genetic diversity of Giardia intestinalis populations in Colombia
Keywords:
Random amplified polymorphic DNA technique, Giardia lamblia, variation (Genetics), genetics, population
Abstract
Introduction. Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan parasite that causes a gastrointestinal infection known as giardiosis, which is transmitted primarily through fecal-oral contamination. Genetic studies of axenically cultivated Giardia isolates have identified two major genetic groups distributed throughout the world. In the present study 24 native strains of the parasite were analyzed by the RAPD technique (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA).Objective. To determine the level of polymorphism and the complexity of Giardia intestinalis circulating strains in specific areas of Colombia.
Materials and methods. The RAPD method was used, as it allows for a quick, simple and reliable analysis that requires no prior knowledge of the genetics of the parasite. A RAPD analysis was conducted on native isolates collected in Colombia between 1997 and 2001, established in continuous cultures. Several primers were tested separately, in order to enhance the capacity for discrimination of the method.
Results. Of the 24 strains that were included in the study, 22 were arranged in independent clusters. The strains that were from the same geographic area and collected at about the same time, generally displayed highly similar but distinguishable RAPD patterns. Clones isolated from a strain were analyzed as well, and it was possible to differentiate them molecularly.
Conclusion. The studied strains showed to belong to genotype A .The results suggest that the Colombian strains studied consist of a heterogeneous mixture of closely related populations.
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References
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20. Andrews RH, Chilton NB, Mayrhofer G. Selection of specific genotypes of Giardia intestinalis by growth in vitro and in vivo. Parasitology 1992;105:375-86.
21. Tibayrenc M, Kjellberg F, Ayala FJ. A clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: the population structures of Entamoeba, Giardia, Leishmania, Naegleria, Plasmodium, Trichomonas and Trypanosoma and their medical and taxonomical consequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:2414-8.
22. Tibayrenc M, Ayala FJ. The clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: 12 years on. Trends Parasitol 2002;18:405-10.
23. Le Blancq SM, Korman SH, Van der Ploeg LH. Frequent rearrangements of rRNA-encoding chromosomes in Giardia lamblia. Nucl Acid Res 1991;19:4405-12.
24. Hou G, Le Blancq SM, E Y, Zhu H, Lee MG. Structure of a frequently rearranged rRNA-encoding chromosome in Giardia lamblia. Nucl Acid Res 1995;23:3310-7.
25. Meloni BB, Lymbery AJ, Thompson RC. Genetic characterization of isolates of Giardia duodenalis by enzyme electrophoresis: implications for reproductive biology, population structure, taxonomy and epidemiology. J Parasitol 1995;81:368-83.
2. Monis PT, Andrews RH, Mayrhofer G, Ey PL. Genetic diversity within the morphological species Giardia intestinalis and its relationship to host origin. Infect Genet Evol 2003;3:29-38.
3. Nash T. Surface antigen variability and variation in Giardia lamblia. Parasitol Today 1992;8:229-34.
4. Mayrhofer G, Andrews RH, Ey PL, Chilton NB. Division of Giardia isolates from humans into two genetically distinct assemblages by electrophoretic analysis of enzymes encoded at 27 loci and comparison with Giardia muris. Parasitology 1995;111:11-7.
5. Adam RD. The biology of Giardia spp. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001;14:447-75.
6. Homan WL, Mank TG. Human giardiasis: genotype linked differences in clinical symptomatology. Int J Parasitol 2001;31:822-6.
7. Read C, Walters J, Robertson ID, Thompson RC. Correlation between genotype of Giardia duodenalis and diarrhoea. Int J Parasitol 2002;32:229-31.
8. Welsh J, McClelland M. Fingerprinting genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers. Nucleic Acids Res 1990;18:7213-8.
9. Williams JG, Kubelik AR, Kenneth KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res 1990;18:6531-5.
10. Guimaraes S, Sogayar MI, Franco MF. Giardia duodenalis: inter-strain variability of proteins, antigens, proteases, isoenzymes and nucleic acids. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1999;41:45-58.
11. Arévalo A, Duque S, Nicholls RS. Comportamiento de la infección experimental por aislamientos colombianos de Giardia duodenalis en el modelo animal del gerbo (Meriones unguiculatus). Biomédica
2005;25:305-14.
12. Diamond LS, Harlow DR, Cunnick CC. A new medium for the axenic cultivation or Entamoeba histolytica and other Entamoeba. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1978;72:431-2.
13. Keister DB. Axenic culture of Giardia lamblia en TYIS-33 medium supplemented with bile. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1983;77:487-8.
14. Rojas MO, De Castro J, Mariño G, Wasserman M. Detection of genomic polymorphism in Plasmodium falciparum using an arbitrarily primed PCR assay. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1996;43:323-6.
15. Deng MQ, Cliver DO. Rapid DNA extraction methods and new primers for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Giardia duodenalis. J Microbiol Methods 1999;37:193-200.
16. Armstrong JS, Gibbs AJ, Peakall R, Weiller G. The RAPDistance Package. 1994. [Consultado: noviembre de 2001]. Disponible en: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu.au/Products&Services/BiotechnologyTransferUnit/rapdistance.asp
17. Nei M, Li WH. Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76:5269-73.
18. Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 1987;4:406-25.
19. Gillin FD, Diamond LS. Clonal growth of Giardia lamblia trophozoites in a semisolid agarose medium. J Parasitol 1980;66:350-2.
20. Andrews RH, Chilton NB, Mayrhofer G. Selection of specific genotypes of Giardia intestinalis by growth in vitro and in vivo. Parasitology 1992;105:375-86.
21. Tibayrenc M, Kjellberg F, Ayala FJ. A clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: the population structures of Entamoeba, Giardia, Leishmania, Naegleria, Plasmodium, Trichomonas and Trypanosoma and their medical and taxonomical consequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:2414-8.
22. Tibayrenc M, Ayala FJ. The clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: 12 years on. Trends Parasitol 2002;18:405-10.
23. Le Blancq SM, Korman SH, Van der Ploeg LH. Frequent rearrangements of rRNA-encoding chromosomes in Giardia lamblia. Nucl Acid Res 1991;19:4405-12.
24. Hou G, Le Blancq SM, E Y, Zhu H, Lee MG. Structure of a frequently rearranged rRNA-encoding chromosome in Giardia lamblia. Nucl Acid Res 1995;23:3310-7.
25. Meloni BB, Lymbery AJ, Thompson RC. Genetic characterization of isolates of Giardia duodenalis by enzyme electrophoresis: implications for reproductive biology, population structure, taxonomy and epidemiology. J Parasitol 1995;81:368-83.
How to Cite
1.
Ravid Z, Duque S, Arévalo A, Nicholls RS, Wasserman M. Genetic diversity of Giardia intestinalis populations in Colombia. biomedica [Internet]. 2007 Mar. 1 [cited 2024 May 19];27(1):34-41. Available from: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/231
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Published
2007-03-01
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