Vigilancia centinela de neumonías y meningitis bacterianas en menores de 5 años en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel en Colombia - 2016

Germán Camacho-Moreno, Carolina Duarte, Diego García, Viviana Calderón, Luz Yanet Maldonado, Liliana Castellar, Jaime Moreno , Jacqueline Palacios , Ángela Gallego, Orlando Castillo, Olga Sanabria, Ivy Talavera, Rubén Montoya, .

Palabras clave: vigilancia de guardia, neumonía, meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae

Resumen

Introducción. La neumonía y la meningitis bacterianas son enfermedades inmunoprevenibles; la vigilancia centinela aporta información relevante acerca de su comportamiento.
Objetivo. Presentar los resultados de la vigilancia centinela de neumonía y meningitis llevada a cabo en la HOMI, Fundación Hospital Pediátrico La Misericordia.
Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo entre el 1 de enero y el 31 diciembre del 2016, de la vigilancia diaria de pacientes menores de 5 años con diagnóstico de neumonía o meningitis bacteriana, según las definiciones de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). Los microorganismos fueron identificados usando el sistema automatizado VITEK TM2. Los aislamientos se enviaron al grupo de microbiología del Instituto Nacional de Salud para confirmación, serotipificación, y caracterización genotípica y fenotípica. Asimismo, se establecieron los perfiles de sensibilidad antimicrobiana.
Resultados. De 1.343 casos sospechosos de neumonía bacteriana, 654 (48,7 %) fueron probables, el 84 % tenía el esquema de vacunación completo para la edad contra Haemophilus influenzae de tipo b, y el 87 %, contra neumococo. En 619 (94,6 %) pacientes se hizo hemocultivo y 41 (6,6 %) fueron positivos. S. pneumoniae se aisló en 17 (41 %) casos. El serotipo más frecuente fue el 19A, en cinco pacientes (29,4 %), en tanto que cuatro aislamientos de spn19A fueron relacionados con el clon ST320. La tasa de incidencia de neumonía bacteriana probable fue de 7,3 casos/100 pacientes hospitalizados. La letalidad fue de 2,1 %. Hubo 22 casos sospechosos de meningitis bacteriana, 12 (54 %) probables, y cuatro (33 %) confirmados: dos por Escherichia coli y dos por Neisseria meningitidis del grupo C. La incidencia de meningitis bacteriana probable fue de 0,14/100 pacientes hospitalizados.
Conclusión. Los serotipos 19A y 3 de S. pneumoniae fueron la causa más frecuente de neumonía. El Spn19A se relacionó con el clon ST320 mulitirresistente. El fortalecimiento continuo de la vigilancia centinela permitirá entender el impacto de la vacunación.

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Camacho-Moreno G, Duarte C, García D, Calderón V, Maldonado LY, Castellar L, et al. Vigilancia centinela de neumonías y meningitis bacterianas en menores de 5 años en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel en Colombia - 2016. biomedica [Internet]. 15 de octubre de 2021 [citado 29 de marzo de 2024];41(Sp. 2):62-75. Disponible en: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/5658

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2021-10-15

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