Elements for the effective evaluation of natural products with possible antihypertensive effects
Keywords:
drug evaluation, biological products, hypertension, vascular resistance, rats, models, cardiovascular.
Abstract
Within the context of experimental pharmacology, some criteria are discussed for estimating the potential of natural products with possible pharmacological activity for the treatment of hypertension. This disorder has great epidemiological impact in Colombia as well as elsewhere. Discovery of these products can be accomplished by use of accessible pharmacological tests such as the following: developing models of arterial hypertension in the laboratory rat, in vitro tests, in vivo tests and microscopic analysis. Suitable protocols associated with these techniques can capture valuable information about possible effects on hypertension during the evaluation phase of a natural product.Downloads
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References
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2. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Defunciones por grupos de edad y sexo, según lista de causas agrupadas 6/67. CIE-10 de OPS. Bogotá: DANE; 2002.
3. Moser M. Are lifestyle interventions in the management of hypertension effective? How long should you wait before starting specific medical therapy? An ongoing debate. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2005;7:324-6.
4. European Society of Cardiology. 2007 Guidelines for the management of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1105-87.
5. American Heart Association Professional Education Committee. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation. 2008;117:e510-26.
6. Thrall G, Lip GY, Lane D. Compliance with pharmacological therapy in hypertension: can we do better, and how? J Hum Hypertens. 2004;18:595-7.
7. Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Snader KM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981-2002. J Nat Prod. 2003;66:1022-37.
8. Butler MS. The role of natural product chemistry in drug discovery. J Nat Prod. 2004;67:2141-53.
9. Pieters L, Vlietinck AJ. Bioguided isolation of pharmacologically active plant components, still a valuable strategy for the finding of new lead compounds? J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;100:57-60.
10. Congreso de Colombia. Ley 299 de 1996. Diario Oficial No. 42845. Bogotá: Congreso de Colombia; 1996.
11. Ramírez JH, Palacios M, Gutiérrez O. Efecto diurético de la especie Salvia scutellarioides en ratas. Biomédica. 2006;26:145-9.
12. Ramírez JH, Palacios M, Gutiérrez O. Estudio del efecto antihipertensivo de la Salvia scutellarioides en un modelo de ratas hipertensas. Colomb Med. 2006;37:53-60.
13. Guerrero MF, Puebla P, Carrón R, Martín ML, Arteaga L, Román LS. Assessment of the antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of ethanolic extracts of some Colombian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;80:37-42.
14. Guerrero MF, Puebla P, Carrón R, Martín ML, Arteaga L, Román LS. Vasorelaxant effect of new neo-clerodane diterpenoids isolated from Croton schiedeanus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;94:185-9.
15. Onzaga IL, Rincón J, Guerrero MF. Perfil vasodilatador del extracto y la fracción flavonoide acetilada obtenida de Calea prunifolia HBK. Colomb Med. 2008;39:33-40.
16. Buitrago D, Ramos G, Rincón J, Guerrero MF. Actividad antiagregante del extracto etanólico de Solanum tuberosum en plaquetas humanas. Vitae. 2007;14:49-54.
17. Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP, Fakler P, Sullivan T. Effect of garlic on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2008;8:13.
18. Taylor JL, Rabe T, McGaw LJ, Jager AK, Van Staden J. Towards the scientific validation of traditional medicinal plants. Plant Growth Regul. 2004;34:23-37.
19. Filczewski M, Bogucka E. Reactivity of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to some antihypertensive agents after acute and chronic treatment. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 1979;31:127-37.
20. Ishii H, Itoh K, Nose T. Different antihypertensive effects of nifedipine in conscious experimental hypertensive and normotensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1980;64:21-9.
21. Medina R, Cardona-Sanclemente LE, Born GV, Brown MJ. Effect of captopril and losartan on blood pressure and accumulation of LDL and fibrinogen by aortic wall and other tissues in normotensive and hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1997;29:125-9.
22. Levy JV. Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs in spontaneous hypertension. Am J Med. 1976;61:779-89.
23. Lederballe O. The experimental use of calcium antagonists in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Postgrad Med J. 1983;59(Suppl.2):84-90.
24. Xie HH, Shen FM, Zhang XF, Ji Ang YY, Su DF. Blood pressure variability, baroreflex sensitivity and organ damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with various antihypertensive drugs. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;543:77-82.
25. Antonaccio MJ, Cavaliere T, Cote D. Ontogenesis of hypertension and responsiveness to antihypertensive agents in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Blood Vessels. 1980;17:78-90.
26. Chillon JM, Capdeville-Atkinson C, Lartaud I, Guillou J, Mertès PM, Atkinson J. Chronic antihypertensive treatment with captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide improves aortic distensibility in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1992;107:710-4.
27. Pinto YM, Paul M, Ganten D. Lessons from rat models of hypertension: from Goldblatt to genetic engineering. Cardiovasc Res. 1998;39:77-88.
28. Schiffrin EL. Endothelin and endothelin antagonists in hypertension. J Hypertens. 1998;16:1891-5.
29. Blood pressure guidelines-where are we now? Drug Ther Bull. 2008;46:65-9.
30. Ribeiro MO, Antunes E, De Nucci G, Lovisolo SM, Zatz R. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis: a new model of arterial hypertension. Hypertension. 1992;20:298-303.
31. Massion PB, Balligand JL. Relevance of nitric oxide for myocardial remodeling. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2007;4:18-25.
32. Zatz R, Baylis C. Chronic nitric oxide inhibition model six years on. Hypertension. 1998;32:958-64.
33. Erley CM, Rebmann S, Strobel U, Schmidt T, Wehrmann M, Osswald H, et al. Effects of antihypertensive therapy on blood pressure and renal function in rats with hypertension due to chronic blockade of nitric oxide synthesis. Exp Nephrol. 1995;3:293-9.
34. García-Estañ J, Ortiz MC, O’valle F, Alcaraz A, Navarro EG, Vargas F, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in combination with diuretics on blood pressure and renal injury in nitric oxide-deficiency-induced hypertension in rats. Clin Sci. 2006;110:227-33.
35. Lapa AJ, Souccar C, Lima MT, Lima TC. Métodos de evaluación de la actividad farmacológica de plantas medicinales. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina: CYTED/CNPq; 2002. p. 1-27.
36. Nichols AJ, Gellai M, Ruffolo RR Jr. Studies on the mechanism of arterial vasodilation produced by the novel antihypertensive agent, carvedilol. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1991;5:25-38.
37. Ito Y, Yano S, Watanabe K, Yamanaka E, Aimi N, Sakai S. Structure-activity relationship of yohimbine and its related analogs in blocking alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors: a comparative study of cardiovascular activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1990;38:1702-6.
38. Cardelus I, Bou J, Llenas J, Berga P, Gristwood RW. Cardiovascular effects of LAS 30538, a new vascular selective Ca(2+)-channel blocker. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1992;44:830-5.
39. Lembeck F, Griesbacher T, Eckhardt M. Demonstration of extrapulmonary activity of angiotensin converting enzyme in intact tissue preparations. Br J Pharmacol. 1990;100:49-54.
40. Lee SH, Jung YS, Lee BH, Yun SI, Yoo SE, Shin HS. Characterization of angiotensin II antagonism displayed by SK-1080, a novel nonpeptide AT1-receptor antagonist. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999;33:367-74.
41. Insel PA, Motulsky HJ. A hypothesis linking intracellular sodium, membrane receptors, and hypertension. Life Sci. 1984;34:1009-13.
42. Man in‘t Veld AJ, Van den Meiracker AH, Schalekamp MA. Do beta-blockers really increase peripheral vascular resistance? Review of the literature and new observations under basal conditions. Am J Hypertens. 1988;1:91-6.
43. Tallarida R, Jacob L. The dose-response relation in pharmacology. New York: Springer-Verlag: 1979. p. 111-41.
44. Catret M, Anselmi E, Ivorra MD, Elorriaga M, Tur R, D’ocon MP. Alpha-adrenoceptor interaction of tetrandrine and isotetrandrine in the rat: functional and binding assays. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1998;50:1267-73.
45. Spedding M, Cavero I. Calcium antagonists: a class of drugs with a bright future. Part II. Determination of basic pharmacological properties. Life Sci. 1984;35: 575-87.
46. Polster P, Christophe B, Van Damme M, Houlliche A, Chatelain P. SR 33557, a novel calcium entry blocker. I. In vitro isolated tissue studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990;255:593-9.
47. Tsuchihashi H, Aono J, Nagatomo T, Kawada T, Ohta H, Imai S. Effects of bunitrolol on adrenergic and serotonergic receptors. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1987;45:349-56.
48. Yu SM, Kuo SC. Vasorelaxant effect of isoliquiritigenin, a novel soluble guanylate cyclase activator, in rat aorta. Br J Pharmacol. 1995;114:587-94.
49. Spokas EG, Folco G, Quilley J, Chander P, McGiff JC. Endothelial mechanism in the vascular action of hydralazine. Hypertension. 1983;5:107-11.
50. Kaplan HR, Taylor DG, Olson SC. Quinapril: overview of preclinical data. Clin Cardiol. 1990;13:VII6-12.
51. Wong PC, Price WA Jr, Chiu AT, Duncia JV, Carini DJ, Wexler RR, et al. Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. XI. Pharmacology of EXP3174: an active metabolite of DuP 753, an orally active antihypertensive agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990;255:211-7.
52. Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev. 1991;43:109-42.
53. Radomski MW, Palmer RM, Moncada S. An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:5193-7.
54. Macallister R, Vallance P. Nitric oxide in essential and renal hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994;5:1057-65.
55. Wilkinson IB, Franklin SS, Cockcroft JR. Nitric oxide and the regulation of large artery stiffness: from physiology to pharmacology. Hypertension. 2004;44:112-6.
56. Moncada S. Adventures in vascular biology: a tale of two mediators. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006;361:735-59.
57. Opie LH, Lecour S. The red wine hypothesis: from concepts to protective signalling molecules. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1683-93.
58. Zern TL, Fernández ML. Cardioprotective effects of dietary polyphenols. J Nutr. 2005;135:2291-4.
59. Chaudhry SI, Krumholz HM, Foody JM. Systolic hypertension in older persons. JAMA. 2004;292:1074-80.
60. Wright CI, Van-Buren L, Kroner CI, Koning MM. Herbal medicines as diuretics: A review of the scientific evidence. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114:1-31.
61. Hosohata Y, Sasaki K, Shen Y, Hattori K, Suzuki J, Nagatomo T. Bopindolol is a slowly dissociating beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist when compared to other beta-blockers. Biol Pharm Bull. 1995;18:1066-71.
62. Yeh JL, Liou SF, Liang JC, Huang YC, Chiang LC, Wu JR, et al. Vanidipinedilol: a vanilloid-based beta-adrenoceptor blocker displaying calcium entry blocking and vasorelaxant activities. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000;35:51-63.
63. Kitchen I. In vitro practical pharmacology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1984. p. 33-100.
64. Voguel H. Drug discovery and evaluation, pharmaco-logical assays. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 259-60.
65. Holopherne D, Mallem MY, Le Strat E, Belin de Chantemèle EJ, Gogny M, Henrion D, et al. CGP12177-induced haemodynamic and vascular effects in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;591:196-202.
66. Kawada T, Ishibashi T, Nakazawa M, Satoh S, Imai S. Adrenoceptor-blocking activity and cardiohemodynamic effects of carvedilol in animals. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1990;16:147-53.
67. Nasa Y, Ichihara K, Yoshida R, Abiko Y. Positive inotropic and negative chronotropic effects of (-)-cis-diltiazem in rat isolated atria. Br J Pharmacol. 1992;105:696-702.
68. Leeuv P, Kroon A. Hypertension and the development of heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998;32:S9-S15.
69. Kim S, Iwao H. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of angiotensin II-mediated cardiovascular and renal disease. Pharmacol Rev. 2000;52:11-30.
70. Dominiczak AF, Devlin AM, Brosnan MJ, Anderson NH, Graham D, Clark JS, et al. Left ventricular hyper-trophy and arterial blood pressure in experimental models of hypertension. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;432:23-33.
2. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. Defunciones por grupos de edad y sexo, según lista de causas agrupadas 6/67. CIE-10 de OPS. Bogotá: DANE; 2002.
3. Moser M. Are lifestyle interventions in the management of hypertension effective? How long should you wait before starting specific medical therapy? An ongoing debate. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2005;7:324-6.
4. European Society of Cardiology. 2007 Guidelines for the management of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1105-87.
5. American Heart Association Professional Education Committee. Resistant hypertension: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Professional Education Committee of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research. Circulation. 2008;117:e510-26.
6. Thrall G, Lip GY, Lane D. Compliance with pharmacological therapy in hypertension: can we do better, and how? J Hum Hypertens. 2004;18:595-7.
7. Newman DJ, Cragg GM, Snader KM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981-2002. J Nat Prod. 2003;66:1022-37.
8. Butler MS. The role of natural product chemistry in drug discovery. J Nat Prod. 2004;67:2141-53.
9. Pieters L, Vlietinck AJ. Bioguided isolation of pharmacologically active plant components, still a valuable strategy for the finding of new lead compounds? J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;100:57-60.
10. Congreso de Colombia. Ley 299 de 1996. Diario Oficial No. 42845. Bogotá: Congreso de Colombia; 1996.
11. Ramírez JH, Palacios M, Gutiérrez O. Efecto diurético de la especie Salvia scutellarioides en ratas. Biomédica. 2006;26:145-9.
12. Ramírez JH, Palacios M, Gutiérrez O. Estudio del efecto antihipertensivo de la Salvia scutellarioides en un modelo de ratas hipertensas. Colomb Med. 2006;37:53-60.
13. Guerrero MF, Puebla P, Carrón R, Martín ML, Arteaga L, Román LS. Assessment of the antihypertensive and vasodilator effects of ethanolic extracts of some Colombian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;80:37-42.
14. Guerrero MF, Puebla P, Carrón R, Martín ML, Arteaga L, Román LS. Vasorelaxant effect of new neo-clerodane diterpenoids isolated from Croton schiedeanus. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;94:185-9.
15. Onzaga IL, Rincón J, Guerrero MF. Perfil vasodilatador del extracto y la fracción flavonoide acetilada obtenida de Calea prunifolia HBK. Colomb Med. 2008;39:33-40.
16. Buitrago D, Ramos G, Rincón J, Guerrero MF. Actividad antiagregante del extracto etanólico de Solanum tuberosum en plaquetas humanas. Vitae. 2007;14:49-54.
17. Ried K, Frank OR, Stocks NP, Fakler P, Sullivan T. Effect of garlic on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2008;8:13.
18. Taylor JL, Rabe T, McGaw LJ, Jager AK, Van Staden J. Towards the scientific validation of traditional medicinal plants. Plant Growth Regul. 2004;34:23-37.
19. Filczewski M, Bogucka E. Reactivity of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to some antihypertensive agents after acute and chronic treatment. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm. 1979;31:127-37.
20. Ishii H, Itoh K, Nose T. Different antihypertensive effects of nifedipine in conscious experimental hypertensive and normotensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1980;64:21-9.
21. Medina R, Cardona-Sanclemente LE, Born GV, Brown MJ. Effect of captopril and losartan on blood pressure and accumulation of LDL and fibrinogen by aortic wall and other tissues in normotensive and hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1997;29:125-9.
22. Levy JV. Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs in spontaneous hypertension. Am J Med. 1976;61:779-89.
23. Lederballe O. The experimental use of calcium antagonists in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Postgrad Med J. 1983;59(Suppl.2):84-90.
24. Xie HH, Shen FM, Zhang XF, Ji Ang YY, Su DF. Blood pressure variability, baroreflex sensitivity and organ damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with various antihypertensive drugs. Eur J Pharmacol. 2006;543:77-82.
25. Antonaccio MJ, Cavaliere T, Cote D. Ontogenesis of hypertension and responsiveness to antihypertensive agents in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Blood Vessels. 1980;17:78-90.
26. Chillon JM, Capdeville-Atkinson C, Lartaud I, Guillou J, Mertès PM, Atkinson J. Chronic antihypertensive treatment with captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide improves aortic distensibility in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Br J Pharmacol. 1992;107:710-4.
27. Pinto YM, Paul M, Ganten D. Lessons from rat models of hypertension: from Goldblatt to genetic engineering. Cardiovasc Res. 1998;39:77-88.
28. Schiffrin EL. Endothelin and endothelin antagonists in hypertension. J Hypertens. 1998;16:1891-5.
29. Blood pressure guidelines-where are we now? Drug Ther Bull. 2008;46:65-9.
30. Ribeiro MO, Antunes E, De Nucci G, Lovisolo SM, Zatz R. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis: a new model of arterial hypertension. Hypertension. 1992;20:298-303.
31. Massion PB, Balligand JL. Relevance of nitric oxide for myocardial remodeling. Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2007;4:18-25.
32. Zatz R, Baylis C. Chronic nitric oxide inhibition model six years on. Hypertension. 1998;32:958-64.
33. Erley CM, Rebmann S, Strobel U, Schmidt T, Wehrmann M, Osswald H, et al. Effects of antihypertensive therapy on blood pressure and renal function in rats with hypertension due to chronic blockade of nitric oxide synthesis. Exp Nephrol. 1995;3:293-9.
34. García-Estañ J, Ortiz MC, O’valle F, Alcaraz A, Navarro EG, Vargas F, et al. Effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in combination with diuretics on blood pressure and renal injury in nitric oxide-deficiency-induced hypertension in rats. Clin Sci. 2006;110:227-33.
35. Lapa AJ, Souccar C, Lima MT, Lima TC. Métodos de evaluación de la actividad farmacológica de plantas medicinales. Florianópolis, Santa Catarina: CYTED/CNPq; 2002. p. 1-27.
36. Nichols AJ, Gellai M, Ruffolo RR Jr. Studies on the mechanism of arterial vasodilation produced by the novel antihypertensive agent, carvedilol. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1991;5:25-38.
37. Ito Y, Yano S, Watanabe K, Yamanaka E, Aimi N, Sakai S. Structure-activity relationship of yohimbine and its related analogs in blocking alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors: a comparative study of cardiovascular activities. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1990;38:1702-6.
38. Cardelus I, Bou J, Llenas J, Berga P, Gristwood RW. Cardiovascular effects of LAS 30538, a new vascular selective Ca(2+)-channel blocker. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1992;44:830-5.
39. Lembeck F, Griesbacher T, Eckhardt M. Demonstration of extrapulmonary activity of angiotensin converting enzyme in intact tissue preparations. Br J Pharmacol. 1990;100:49-54.
40. Lee SH, Jung YS, Lee BH, Yun SI, Yoo SE, Shin HS. Characterization of angiotensin II antagonism displayed by SK-1080, a novel nonpeptide AT1-receptor antagonist. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999;33:367-74.
41. Insel PA, Motulsky HJ. A hypothesis linking intracellular sodium, membrane receptors, and hypertension. Life Sci. 1984;34:1009-13.
42. Man in‘t Veld AJ, Van den Meiracker AH, Schalekamp MA. Do beta-blockers really increase peripheral vascular resistance? Review of the literature and new observations under basal conditions. Am J Hypertens. 1988;1:91-6.
43. Tallarida R, Jacob L. The dose-response relation in pharmacology. New York: Springer-Verlag: 1979. p. 111-41.
44. Catret M, Anselmi E, Ivorra MD, Elorriaga M, Tur R, D’ocon MP. Alpha-adrenoceptor interaction of tetrandrine and isotetrandrine in the rat: functional and binding assays. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1998;50:1267-73.
45. Spedding M, Cavero I. Calcium antagonists: a class of drugs with a bright future. Part II. Determination of basic pharmacological properties. Life Sci. 1984;35: 575-87.
46. Polster P, Christophe B, Van Damme M, Houlliche A, Chatelain P. SR 33557, a novel calcium entry blocker. I. In vitro isolated tissue studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990;255:593-9.
47. Tsuchihashi H, Aono J, Nagatomo T, Kawada T, Ohta H, Imai S. Effects of bunitrolol on adrenergic and serotonergic receptors. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1987;45:349-56.
48. Yu SM, Kuo SC. Vasorelaxant effect of isoliquiritigenin, a novel soluble guanylate cyclase activator, in rat aorta. Br J Pharmacol. 1995;114:587-94.
49. Spokas EG, Folco G, Quilley J, Chander P, McGiff JC. Endothelial mechanism in the vascular action of hydralazine. Hypertension. 1983;5:107-11.
50. Kaplan HR, Taylor DG, Olson SC. Quinapril: overview of preclinical data. Clin Cardiol. 1990;13:VII6-12.
51. Wong PC, Price WA Jr, Chiu AT, Duncia JV, Carini DJ, Wexler RR, et al. Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. XI. Pharmacology of EXP3174: an active metabolite of DuP 753, an orally active antihypertensive agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1990;255:211-7.
52. Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev. 1991;43:109-42.
53. Radomski MW, Palmer RM, Moncada S. An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:5193-7.
54. Macallister R, Vallance P. Nitric oxide in essential and renal hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1994;5:1057-65.
55. Wilkinson IB, Franklin SS, Cockcroft JR. Nitric oxide and the regulation of large artery stiffness: from physiology to pharmacology. Hypertension. 2004;44:112-6.
56. Moncada S. Adventures in vascular biology: a tale of two mediators. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006;361:735-59.
57. Opie LH, Lecour S. The red wine hypothesis: from concepts to protective signalling molecules. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1683-93.
58. Zern TL, Fernández ML. Cardioprotective effects of dietary polyphenols. J Nutr. 2005;135:2291-4.
59. Chaudhry SI, Krumholz HM, Foody JM. Systolic hypertension in older persons. JAMA. 2004;292:1074-80.
60. Wright CI, Van-Buren L, Kroner CI, Koning MM. Herbal medicines as diuretics: A review of the scientific evidence. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114:1-31.
61. Hosohata Y, Sasaki K, Shen Y, Hattori K, Suzuki J, Nagatomo T. Bopindolol is a slowly dissociating beta 1-adrenoceptor antagonist when compared to other beta-blockers. Biol Pharm Bull. 1995;18:1066-71.
62. Yeh JL, Liou SF, Liang JC, Huang YC, Chiang LC, Wu JR, et al. Vanidipinedilol: a vanilloid-based beta-adrenoceptor blocker displaying calcium entry blocking and vasorelaxant activities. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000;35:51-63.
63. Kitchen I. In vitro practical pharmacology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1984. p. 33-100.
64. Voguel H. Drug discovery and evaluation, pharmaco-logical assays. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 259-60.
65. Holopherne D, Mallem MY, Le Strat E, Belin de Chantemèle EJ, Gogny M, Henrion D, et al. CGP12177-induced haemodynamic and vascular effects in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;591:196-202.
66. Kawada T, Ishibashi T, Nakazawa M, Satoh S, Imai S. Adrenoceptor-blocking activity and cardiohemodynamic effects of carvedilol in animals. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1990;16:147-53.
67. Nasa Y, Ichihara K, Yoshida R, Abiko Y. Positive inotropic and negative chronotropic effects of (-)-cis-diltiazem in rat isolated atria. Br J Pharmacol. 1992;105:696-702.
68. Leeuv P, Kroon A. Hypertension and the development of heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998;32:S9-S15.
69. Kim S, Iwao H. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of angiotensin II-mediated cardiovascular and renal disease. Pharmacol Rev. 2000;52:11-30.
70. Dominiczak AF, Devlin AM, Brosnan MJ, Anderson NH, Graham D, Clark JS, et al. Left ventricular hyper-trophy and arterial blood pressure in experimental models of hypertension. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;432:23-33.
How to Cite
1.
Guerrero MF. Elements for the effective evaluation of natural products with possible antihypertensive effects. biomedica [Internet]. 2009 Dec. 1 [cited 2024 May 16];29(4):547-57. Available from: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/128
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