Clinical evidence of trachoma in Colombian Amerindians of the Vaupés Province
Keywords:
Chlamydia, trachoma, indigenous population, indians, South American, conjunctiva, Vaupés, flies, risk factors
Abstract
Introduction: Trachoma is the leading cause of infectious blindness in the world. In 2008 there were 1,300,000 persons with blindness caused by trachoma and 8 million with trichiasis, which might eventually lead to blindness. In Latin America it has been documented in Brazil, Guatemala and México.Objective: To inform the presence of trachoma for the first time in Colombia, amongst Amerindians of the Department of Vaupés.
Materials and methods: In 2003 and 2006 the Amerindian Makú communities of San Joaquín and Santa Catalina, located 5 km from the border with Brazil, were visited. From 2007 to 2009, San Gerardo, San Gabriel and Nuevo Pueblo, at a 35 km distance from San Joaquín were visited.
Results: In 2006 114 people were examined in Santa Catalina and San Joaquin; 21 patients were clinically diagnosed with trachoma (18.4%), 15 (13.2%) of them children under 15 years old. All trachoma phases were observed. Three women had corneal opacity with poor vision. In the remaining three communities, three women with advanced trachoma with corneal opacity and blindness were detected. The poor quality of living conditions without fresh water and adequate sanitary disposal systems, and the abundance of flies identified as Hippelates sp., are risk factors for the transmission of the disease.
Discussion: Trachoma exists in Colombia, and it is frequent among the studied communities. Its focalized distribution makes it amenable to elimination. It is advisable to search for trachoma in other indigenous communities in Vaupés with similar living conditions.
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References
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19. Faal N, Bailey RL, Sarr I, Joof H, Mabey DC, Holland MJ. Temporal cytokine gene expression patterns in subjects with trachoma identify distinct conjuntival responses associated with infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;142:347-53.
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23. Abdou A, Nassirou B, Kadri B, Moussa F, Munoz BE, Opong E, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Niger. Br J Ophtalmol. 2007;91:13-7.
24. Schémann JF, Sacko D, Malvy D, Momo G, Traore L, Bore O, et al. Risk factors for trachoma in Mali. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31:194-201.
25. Cromwell EA, Courtright P, King JD, Rotondo LA, Ngondi J, Emerson PM. The excess burden of trachomatous trichiasis in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103:985-92.
26. Forsey T, Darougar S. Transmission of chlamydiae by the housefly. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65:147-50.
27. Emerson PM, Bailey RL, Olaimatu SM, Walraven GE, Lindsay SW. Transmission ecology of the fly Musca sorbens, a putative vector of trachoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94:28-32.
28. Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, Bah M, Dibba S-M, Faal HB, et al. Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1093-8.
29. World Health Organization (WHO). The SAFE strategy: Preventing trachoma. A guide for environmental sanitation and improved hygiene. WHO/PBD/GET/00.7. Geneva: WHO; 2000.
2. Solomon AW, Peeling R, Foster A, Mabey DC. Diagnosis and assessment of trachoma. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:982-1011.
3. Burton MJ, Mabey DC. The global burden of trachoma: A review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3:e460.
4. Mathew AA, Turner A, Taylor HR. Strategies to control trachoma. Drugs. 2009;69:953-70.
5. Reddy M, Gill SS, Kalkar SR, Wu W, Anderson PJ Rochon PA. Oral drug therapy for multiple neglected tropical diseases. JAMA. 2007;298:1911-24.
6. Reilly LA, Favacho J, Garcez LM, Courtenay O. Preliminary evidence that synanthropic flies contribute to the transmission of trachoma-causing Chlamydia trachomatis in Latin America. Cad Saúde Pública. 2007;23:1-7.
7. Monteiro de Barros O. Manual de Controle do Tracoma. Brasilia: Ministerio da Saude; 2001.
8. Emerson PM, Cairncross S, Bailey RL Mabey DC. Review of the evidence base for the "F" and "E" components of the SAFE strategy for trachoma control. Trop Med Int Health. 2000;5:515-27.
9. Thein J, Zhao P, Liu H, Xu J, Jha HC, Miao Y, et al. Does clinical diagnosis indicate ocular chlamydial infection in areas with a low prevalence of trachoma? Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2002;9:263-9.
10. Kuper H, Solomon AW, Buchan J, Zondervan M, Foster A, Mabey D. A critical review of the SAFE strategy for the prevention of blinding trachoma. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3:372-81.
11. Kumeresan JA, Mekaskey JW. The global elimination of blinding trachoma: progress and promise. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;69(Suppl.5):24-8.
12. Miller K, Schmidt G, Melese M, Alemayehu W, Yi E, Cevallos V, et al. How reliable is the clinical exam in detecting ocular chlamydial infection? Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2004;11:255-62.
13. Fraser-Hurt N, Bailey RL, Cousens S, Mabey D, Faal H, Mabey DC. Efficacy of oral azithromycin versus topical tetracycline in mass treatment of endemic trachoma. Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79:632-40.
14. Senn L, Hammerschlag MR, Greub G. Therapeutic approaches to Chlamydia infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2005;6:2281-90.
15. West SK, Munoz B, Mkocha H, Aguirre A, Solomon AW, Foster A, et al. Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis after mass treatment of a trachoma hyperendemic community in Tanzania: a longitudinal study. Lancet. 2005;366:1296-300.
16. Schémann JF, Guinot C, Traore L, Zefack G, Dembele M, Diallo I, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of three azithromycin distribution strategies for treatment of trachoma in a Sub-Saharan African country, Mali. Acta Trop. 2007;101:40-53.
17. Arango AI, Máttar S, Visbal VJ. Chlamydia trachomatis: aspectos microbiológicos, clínicos y epidemiológicos. MVZ-Córdoba. 2001;6:87-96.
18. Kalayoglu MV. Ocular chlamydial infections: Pathogenesis and emerging treatment strategies. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord. 2002;2:85-91.
19. Faal N, Bailey RL, Sarr I, Joof H, Mabey DC, Holland MJ. Temporal cytokine gene expression patterns in subjects with trachoma identify distinct conjuntival responses associated with infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;142:347-53.
20. Zhang J, Lietman T, Olinger L, Miao Y, Stephens R. Genetic diversity of Chlamydia trachomatis and the prevalence of trachoma. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:217-20.
21. Porter M, Mak D, Chidlow G, Harnett GB, Smith DW. The molecular epidemiology of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Western Australia: implications for trachoma control. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;78:514-7.
22. Grassly NC, Ward ME, Ferris S, Mabey DC, Bailey RL. The natural history of trachoma infection and disease in a Gambian cohort with frequent follow-up. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2:e341.
23. Abdou A, Nassirou B, Kadri B, Moussa F, Munoz BE, Opong E, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Niger. Br J Ophtalmol. 2007;91:13-7.
24. Schémann JF, Sacko D, Malvy D, Momo G, Traore L, Bore O, et al. Risk factors for trachoma in Mali. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31:194-201.
25. Cromwell EA, Courtright P, King JD, Rotondo LA, Ngondi J, Emerson PM. The excess burden of trachomatous trichiasis in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;103:985-92.
26. Forsey T, Darougar S. Transmission of chlamydiae by the housefly. Br J Ophthalmol. 1981;65:147-50.
27. Emerson PM, Bailey RL, Olaimatu SM, Walraven GE, Lindsay SW. Transmission ecology of the fly Musca sorbens, a putative vector of trachoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94:28-32.
28. Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, Bah M, Dibba S-M, Faal HB, et al. Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1093-8.
29. World Health Organization (WHO). The SAFE strategy: Preventing trachoma. A guide for environmental sanitation and improved hygiene. WHO/PBD/GET/00.7. Geneva: WHO; 2000.
How to Cite
1.
Miller H, Gallego G, Rodríguez G. Clinical evidence of trachoma in Colombian Amerindians of the Vaupés Province. biomedica [Internet]. 2010 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 May 11];30(3):432-9. Available from: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/277
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Published
2010-09-30
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