Characterization of two typhoid fever outbreaks in Apartadó, Antioquia, 2005
Keywords:
Disease outbreaks, typhoid fever/epidemiology, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella infections, bacterial typing techniques, serotyping
Abstract
Introduction. The characterization of typhoid fever outbreaks is important because it is necessary to find the source of the infection and development control measures.Objective. A typhoid fever outbreak is described from Apartadó and the Salmonella Typhi isolates characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods.
Materials and methods. From 44 patients, 15 blood cultures and 7 stools cultures were recovered. Phenotypic identification of isolates was done by biochemical and serological tests, and antibiotic susceptibility was tested. Genes hilA, invA and the IS200 marker were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction; pulsed field gel electrophoresis was used for the XbaI gene. Eight water samples were examined by polymerase chain reaction and culture methods in order to isolate Salmonella spp.
Results. Fifteen patients were confirmed for typhoid fever, 13 by blood cultures and two by stools cultures. All S. Typhi isolates were susceptible to the antimicrobials tested. The presence of hilA, invA and IS200 were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in all isolates. The pulsed field gel electrophoresis method grouped 10 isolates in COINJPP.X01.0035 pattern, three in COINJPPX01.0002, one in COINJPP.X01.0012 and one in COINJPPX01.0037. Water isolates were negatives for Salmonella spp.
Conclusions. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis discriminated the isolates in two outbreaks. Initially the cases were described as only one outbreak, by epidemiological criteria and phenotypic test. Additionally two isolates with different clonal origin were discriminated, indicating that they were unrelated to the other cases. It was not possible to confirm the infection source from water samples.
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References
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25. Chu YW, Cheung TK, Ng TK, Tsang D, To WK, Kam KM, et al. Quinolone resistance determinant qnrA3 in clinical isolates of Salmonella in 2000-2005 in Hong Kong. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:904-5.
26. Kariuki S, Gilks C, Revathi G, Hart CA. Genotypic analysis of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000; 6:649-51.
27. Shakespeare WA, Davie D, Tonnerre C, Rubin MA, Strong M, Petti CA. Nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi presenting as a primary psoas abscess: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:996-8.
28. Cardona-Castro N, Sánchez-Jiménez M. Desarrollo y evaluación de una prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), utilizando la secuencia del gen hilA para diagnóstico de fiebre entérica por Salmonella spp. Biomédica. 2004;24:194-9.
29. Hidalgo M, Gracia M, Ovalle MV, Wiesner M, Chávez J, Realpe ME, et al. Caracterización de los aislamientos de Salmonella typhimurium, asociado con un brote de intoxicación alimentaria en una localidad de Pasto, Nariño. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2004;9:81-96.
30. Ridley AM, Threlfall EJ, Rowe B. Genotypic characterization of Salmonella enteritidis phage types by plasmid analysis, ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:2314-21.
31. Realpe ME, Gracia M, Ovalle MV, Wiesner M, Hidalgo M, Agudelo CI, et al. Brote de enfermedad transmitido por alimento causada por Salmonella Enteritidis, en Riosucio, Caldas. Caracterización fenotípica y molecular. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2005;10:321-6.
2. Lesser CF, Miller SI. Salmonellosis. En: Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jamenson JL, editors. Harrison‘s Principles of Internal Medicine. 15th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001. p.970-3.
3. Andrews WH, Hammack TS, Amaguana RM. Salmonella. In: Merker RL, editor. Food and Drug Administration. Bacteriological Analytical Manual. 8th ed. Gaithersburg: AOAC International; 1998.
4. Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud. Proyecto vigilancia por el laboratorio: molecular y fenotípica de Salmonella spp., uno de los principales agentes implicados en la enfermedad diarreica aguda. [Consultado: agosto de 2006]. Disponible en: http://www.ins.gov.co/pdf_investiga/Microbiologia_salm_05.pdf
5. Boletín Epidemiológico Semanal. Situación de las enfermedades transmisibles objeto de vigilancia intensificada en salud pública-Colombia 2002. [Consultado: agosto de 2006]. http://www.col.opsoms.
org/sivigila/2002/BOLE52_02.htm
6. Muñoz N, Agudelo CI, Realpe ME, Ovalle M, Laboratorios de Salud Pública. Vigilancia en red de la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana y de los serotipos de Salmonella spp, Shigella sp y Vibrio cholerae: informe de 2000-2001. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2002;7:177-92.
7. Olive DM, Bean P. Principles and applications of methods for ADN-based typing of microbial organisms. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:1661-9.
8. Threlfall EJ, Torre W, Ward LR, Dávalos-Pérez A, Rowe B, Gilbert I. Insertion sequence IS200 fingerprinting of Salmonella typhi: an assessment of epidemiological applicability. Epidemiol Infect 1994;112:253-61.
9. Marcus SI, Brumell JH, Pfeifer CG, Finlay BB. Salmonella pathogenicity islands: big virulence in small packages. Microbes Infect. 2000;2:145-56.
10. Wolffs P, Glencross K, Thibaudeau R, Griffiths M. Direct quantitation and detection of Salmonellae in biological samples without enrichment, using two-step filtration and real-time PCR. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72:3896-900.
11. Chiu CH, Ou JT. Rapid identification of Salmonella serovars in feces by specific detection of virulence genes, invA and spvC, by an enrichment broth culturemultiplex PCR combination assay. J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34:2619-22.
12. Cortez AL, Carvalho AC, Ikuno AA, Bürger KP, Vidal-Martins AM. Identification of Salmonella spp. isolates from chicken abattoirs by multiplex-PCR. Res Vet Sci. 2006;81:340-4.
13. Kumar S, Balakrishna K, Batra H. Detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) by selective amplification of invA, viaB, fliC-d and prt genes by polymerase chain reaction in mutiplex format. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2006;42:149-54.
14. Malorny B, Hoorfar J, Bunge C, Helmuth R. Multicenter validation of the analytical accuracy of Salmonella PCR: towards an International standard. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:290-6.
15. Sánchez-Jiménez MM, Cardona-Castro N. Validation of a PCR for diagnosis of typhoid fever and salmonellosis by amplification of the hilA gene in clinical samples from Colombian patients. J Med Microbiol. 2004;53:875-8.
16. Beuzon CR, Chessa D, Casadesus J. IS200: an old and still bacterial transposon. Int Microbiol. 2004;7:3-12.
17. Ribot EM, Fair MA, Gautom R, Cameron DN, Hunter SB, Swaminathan B, et al. Standardization of pulsefield gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2006;3:59-67.
18. Popoff MY, Le Minor L. Antigenic formulas of the Salmonella serovars. 8th Ed. Paris: WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Salmonella, Institut Pasteur; 2001.
19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute/NCCLS. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing fifteenth informational supplement, M100-S15. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2005.
20. Galan J, Curtiss R. Distribution of the invA, -B, -C, and -D genes of Salmonella typhimurium among other Salmonella serovars: invA mutants of Salmonella typhi are deficient for entry into mammalian cells. Infect Immun. 1991;59:2901-8.
21. McClelland M, Sanderson KE, Spieth J, Clifton SW, Latreille P, Courtney L et al. Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Nature. 2001;413:852-6.
22. Fantasia M, Paglietti B, Filetici E, Anastasio MP, Rubino S. Conventional and molecular approaches to isolates of Salmonella hadar from sporadic and epidemic cases. J Appl Microbiol. 1997;82:494-8.
23. Labarca J. Utilización del antibiotipo como marcador epidemiológico en infecciones intrahospitalarias: comparación con la epidemiología molecular. Rev Chilen Infect. 2002;19(Suppl.2):S157-60.
24. Salve A, Pichel M, Wiesner M, Hidalgo M, Terragano R, Alvarez A, et al. Molecular subtyping of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from Colombia and Argentina. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2006;3:142-52.
25. Chu YW, Cheung TK, Ng TK, Tsang D, To WK, Kam KM, et al. Quinolone resistance determinant qnrA3 in clinical isolates of Salmonella in 2000-2005 in Hong Kong. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58:904-5.
26. Kariuki S, Gilks C, Revathi G, Hart CA. Genotypic analysis of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis. 2000; 6:649-51.
27. Shakespeare WA, Davie D, Tonnerre C, Rubin MA, Strong M, Petti CA. Nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi presenting as a primary psoas abscess: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:996-8.
28. Cardona-Castro N, Sánchez-Jiménez M. Desarrollo y evaluación de una prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), utilizando la secuencia del gen hilA para diagnóstico de fiebre entérica por Salmonella spp. Biomédica. 2004;24:194-9.
29. Hidalgo M, Gracia M, Ovalle MV, Wiesner M, Chávez J, Realpe ME, et al. Caracterización de los aislamientos de Salmonella typhimurium, asociado con un brote de intoxicación alimentaria en una localidad de Pasto, Nariño. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2004;9:81-96.
30. Ridley AM, Threlfall EJ, Rowe B. Genotypic characterization of Salmonella enteritidis phage types by plasmid analysis, ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:2314-21.
31. Realpe ME, Gracia M, Ovalle MV, Wiesner M, Hidalgo M, Agudelo CI, et al. Brote de enfermedad transmitido por alimento causada por Salmonella Enteritidis, en Riosucio, Caldas. Caracterización fenotípica y molecular. Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac. 2005;10:321-6.
How to Cite
1.
Cardona-Castro NM, Sánchez-Jiménez MM, Usuga-Silva LY, Arboleda-Naranjo M, Garzón E, Vélez A, et al. Characterization of two typhoid fever outbreaks in Apartadó, Antioquia, 2005. biomedica [Internet]. 2007 Jun. 1 [cited 2024 May 18];27(2):236-43. Available from: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/219
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