Cholinesterases in total blood measured with a semiquantitative technique, and plasma or erythrocyte cholinesterases measured with quantitative techniques
Keywords:
Cholinesterase inhibitors, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, pesticides, organophosphorus compounds, epidemiological surveillance, Colombia
Abstract
Introduction. An equivalence model which allows comparison of blood cholinesterase values, measured by Lovibond® (semiquantitative technique), and Michel, EQM®, Monotest® (erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterases) values measured by quantitative techniques is required.Objective. The performance of Lovibond® (Edson tintometric and Limperos & Ranta techniques) were compared with quantitative techniques.
Materials and methods. The experimental design was descriptive, cross-sectional, and prospective. From a working population (18-59 years) in Valle de Aburrá and Near East of Antioquia. 827 representative samples were chosen for their lack of exposure to cholinesteraseinhibiting plaguicides and affiliated to the Social Security System.
Results. (1) 827 workers were classified by Lovibond® in four categories: 821 values with 75% of cholinesterase activity or greater (categories 75, 87.5 and 100%) and 6 with cholinesterase activity smaller than 75%. (2) With each quantitative method, the mean values of erythrocyte and plasmatic cholinesterase corresponding to the four values obtained with Lovibond® were statistically different to each other. (3) The mean values of each quantitative technique increased when increased the tintometric method value. (4) Lovibond® classified the low enzymatic erythrocyte activity very poorly (61-73%), but the classification of the low enzymatic plasma activity was almost completely in error (94-96%).
Conclusion. The values of erythrocyte or plasma cholinesterase were adequately estimated by both the quantitative techniques of Michel and EQM® and by Lovibond, but only when the enzymatic activity is normal. Lovibond® , however, had a poor capacity to designate as "low" the values that were low according to the quantitative tests.
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References
1. Henao S, Zapata FM, Restrepo MP, Marín LE, Ramírez H, Corrales R, et al. Actividad colinesterásica en menores trabajadores. Antioquia (Colombia), 1989-1990. Medellín: Seguro Social (Administradora de Riesgos Profesionales) y Universidad de Antioquia; 1990. p.115.
2. Tintometer. Lovibond. The Lovibond cholinesterase test kit AF 267 (40-2670). Instruction. Virginia: Tintometer; 1996.
3. Thomas LC, Chamberlain GJ, Schute C. The rapid field determination of cholinesterase. En: Colorimetric chemical analytical methods of the Tintometer Company. 9th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1980. p.397-400.
4. Limperos G, Ranta KE. A rapid screening test for the determination of the approximate cholinesterase activity of human blood. Science. 1953;117:453-5.
5. Carmona-Fonseca J, Henao S, Garcés R. Valores de referencia de actividad colinesterásica sanguínea en población laboral activa no expuesta a plaguicidas inhibidores de colinesterasa. Rev Fac Nal Salud Publ (Medellín). 2000;18:55-72.
6. Michel HO. An electrometric method for determination of red blood cell and plasma cholinesterase activity. J Lab Clin Med. 1949;34:1564-8.
7. Rider JA, Hodges JL Jr, Swader J, Wiggins AD. Plasma and cell cholinesterase in 800 "healthy" blood donors. J Lab Clin Med. 1957;50:376-83.
8. EQM Research Inc. (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA). Cholinesterase kit for the field determination of pesticide exposure. Instruction manual. Cincinnati: EQM; 1994.
9. Magnotti RA Jr, Eberly JP, Quarm DE, McConell RS. Measurement of acetylcholinesterase in erythrocytes in the field. Clin Chem. 1987;33:1731-5.
10. Magnotti RA Jr, Dowling K, Eberly JP, McConnell RS. Field measurement of plasma and erythrocytes cholinesterases. Clin Chem Acta. 1988;176:315-32.
11. Carmona-Fonseca J. Valores de referencia de la actividad de la colinesterasa eritrocitaria según las técnicas de Michel y EQM® en población laboral de Antioquia, Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2003;14:316-21.
12. den Blaauwen DH, Poppe WA, Tritschler W. Cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) with butyrylthiocholine-iodide as substrate: references depending on age and sex with special reference to hormonal effects and pregnancy. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1983;21:381-6.
13. Carmona-Fonseca J. Valores de referencia de colinesterasa plasmática con los métodos de Michel, EQM® y Monotest® en población laboral activa del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Biomédica.
2003;23:437-55.
14. Carmona-Fonseca J. Valores de colinesterasas en trabajadores activas embarazadas, menstruantes, usuarias de anticonceptivos o menopáusicas. Rev Col Obstet Ginec. 2003;54:146-56.
15. Carmona-Fonseca J. Colinesterasas eritrocitaria y plasmática en trabajadores con enfermedades crónicas controladas y en usuarios de medicamentos. Iatreia. 2006;19:14-28.
16. Carmona-Fonseca J. Valores de referencia de hemoglobina y hematocrito en una población laboral colombiana. Acta Med Colom. 2003;28:63-70.
17. Carmona-Fonseca J. Frecuencia de los grupos sanguíneos ABO y Rh en la población laboral del valle de Aburrá y del cercano oriente de Antioquia (Colombia). Acta Med Colomb. 2006;31:20-30.
18. Carmona-Fonseca J. Relación entre los niveles de colinesterasa y los grupos sanguíneos ABO y Rh. Acta Med Colomb. 2006;31:104-12.
19. Carmona-Fonseca J. Correlación e interconversión entre valores de colinesterasa eritrocitaria medida por las técnicas de Michel y EQM®. Biomédica. 2006;26:535-44.
20. Varona M, Morales L, Ortiz J, Sánchez José F, Cárdenas O, De la Hoz F. Panorama epidemiológico de exposición a plaguicidas inhibidores de colinesterasa en 17 departamentos del país. Biomédica. 1998;18:22-9.
21. Silva E. Morales L, Ortiz J. Evaluación epidemiológica de plaguicidas inhibidores de acetilcolinesterasa en Colombia, 1996-1997. Biomédica. 2000;20:200-9.
22. Cárdenas O, Silva E, Morales L, Ortiz J. Estudio epidemiológico de exposición a plaguicidas organofosforados y carbamatos en siete departamentos colombianos, 1998-2001. Biomédica. 2005;25:170-80.
23. Idrovo AJ. Vigilancia de las intoxicaciones con plaguicidas en Colombia. Rev Salud Pública. 2000;2. [Consultado: 11 de noviembre 2006]. Disponible en: http://www.revmed.unal.edu.co/revistasp/v2n1/Rev213.htm.
24. Edson EF. Blood tests for users of OP insecticides. World Crops. 1950;10:49-51.
25. McConnell R, Magnotti R. Screening for insecticide overexposure under field conditions: a reevaluation of the tintometric cholinesterase kit. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:479-81.
26. Miller S, Shah MA. Cholinesterase activities of workers exposed to organophosphorus insecticides in Pakistan and Haiti and an evaluation of the tintometric method. J Environ Sci Health B. 1982;17:125-42.
27. Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V Jr, Feather-Stone RM. A new rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1961;7:88-95.
28. McConnell R, Cedillo L, Keifer M, Palomo MR. Monitoring organophosphate insecticide exposed workers for cholinesterase depression: new technology for office or field use. J Occup Med. 1992;34:34-7.
29. Departamento de Salud Ocupacional y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile. Protocolo. Examen de salud para aplicaciones de plaguicidas. Versión 2004. [Consultado: 11 de
noviembre 2006]. Disponible en: http://www.ispch.cl/salud_ocup/doc/diagrama_datos.doc.
30. Da Silva ES, Midio AF, Garcia EG. A field method for the determination of whole blood cholinesterase. Med Lav. 1994;85:249-54.
31. Silva JJ. A utilização das colinesterases na avaliação da exposição humana a agrotóxicos. Novas perspectivas para antigas ferramentas (tese). São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2004. p.100.
32. Gobierno de Guatemala, Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS)/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), Agencia Danesa para el Desarrollo Internacional (DANIDA). Proyecto PLAGSALUD. Valores de referencia de la actividad de colinesterasa en la población guatemalteca. Serie de Investigación No.1. Ciudad de Guatemala: Gobierno de Guatemala; 2001. p.25.
33. Henao S, Corey G. Plaguicidas inhibidores de las colinesterasas. Serie Vigilancia 11. Centro Panamericano de Ecología Humana y Salud. Metepec: ECO, OPS, OMS; 1991.
34. Krull NB, Kropf J, Gressner AM. Influence of reagent composition on atypical pseudocholinesterase activity measurement: comparison of a manual and an automated method and implications for routine. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1992;30:545-6.
35. Da Silva ES, Midio AF. Interconversion of units of three methods for blood cholinesterases. Med Lav. 1998;89:265-72.
36. Newman MA, Que Hee SS. Interconversion and comparison of the results of three methods for cholinesterase in serum. Clin Chem. 1984;30:308-10.
37. Groff WA, Kaminskis A, Ellin RI. Interconversion of cholinesterase enzyme activity units by the manual delta pH method and a recommended automated method. Clin Toxicol. 1976;9:353-8.
38. Morse CS. Interconversion of cholinesterase measurements by the deltapH method of Michel and the DTNB method of Garry and Routh. Clin Toxicol. 1974;7:389-93.
39. Grainger MM, Groff WA, Ellin RI, Arsenal E. Blood cholinesterase values. Correlation obtained by automated and manual techniques. Arch Environ Health. 1968;16:821-2.
2. Tintometer. Lovibond. The Lovibond cholinesterase test kit AF 267 (40-2670). Instruction. Virginia: Tintometer; 1996.
3. Thomas LC, Chamberlain GJ, Schute C. The rapid field determination of cholinesterase. En: Colorimetric chemical analytical methods of the Tintometer Company. 9th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1980. p.397-400.
4. Limperos G, Ranta KE. A rapid screening test for the determination of the approximate cholinesterase activity of human blood. Science. 1953;117:453-5.
5. Carmona-Fonseca J, Henao S, Garcés R. Valores de referencia de actividad colinesterásica sanguínea en población laboral activa no expuesta a plaguicidas inhibidores de colinesterasa. Rev Fac Nal Salud Publ (Medellín). 2000;18:55-72.
6. Michel HO. An electrometric method for determination of red blood cell and plasma cholinesterase activity. J Lab Clin Med. 1949;34:1564-8.
7. Rider JA, Hodges JL Jr, Swader J, Wiggins AD. Plasma and cell cholinesterase in 800 "healthy" blood donors. J Lab Clin Med. 1957;50:376-83.
8. EQM Research Inc. (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA). Cholinesterase kit for the field determination of pesticide exposure. Instruction manual. Cincinnati: EQM; 1994.
9. Magnotti RA Jr, Eberly JP, Quarm DE, McConell RS. Measurement of acetylcholinesterase in erythrocytes in the field. Clin Chem. 1987;33:1731-5.
10. Magnotti RA Jr, Dowling K, Eberly JP, McConnell RS. Field measurement of plasma and erythrocytes cholinesterases. Clin Chem Acta. 1988;176:315-32.
11. Carmona-Fonseca J. Valores de referencia de la actividad de la colinesterasa eritrocitaria según las técnicas de Michel y EQM® en población laboral de Antioquia, Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Pública. 2003;14:316-21.
12. den Blaauwen DH, Poppe WA, Tritschler W. Cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) with butyrylthiocholine-iodide as substrate: references depending on age and sex with special reference to hormonal effects and pregnancy. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1983;21:381-6.
13. Carmona-Fonseca J. Valores de referencia de colinesterasa plasmática con los métodos de Michel, EQM® y Monotest® en población laboral activa del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Biomédica.
2003;23:437-55.
14. Carmona-Fonseca J. Valores de colinesterasas en trabajadores activas embarazadas, menstruantes, usuarias de anticonceptivos o menopáusicas. Rev Col Obstet Ginec. 2003;54:146-56.
15. Carmona-Fonseca J. Colinesterasas eritrocitaria y plasmática en trabajadores con enfermedades crónicas controladas y en usuarios de medicamentos. Iatreia. 2006;19:14-28.
16. Carmona-Fonseca J. Valores de referencia de hemoglobina y hematocrito en una población laboral colombiana. Acta Med Colom. 2003;28:63-70.
17. Carmona-Fonseca J. Frecuencia de los grupos sanguíneos ABO y Rh en la población laboral del valle de Aburrá y del cercano oriente de Antioquia (Colombia). Acta Med Colomb. 2006;31:20-30.
18. Carmona-Fonseca J. Relación entre los niveles de colinesterasa y los grupos sanguíneos ABO y Rh. Acta Med Colomb. 2006;31:104-12.
19. Carmona-Fonseca J. Correlación e interconversión entre valores de colinesterasa eritrocitaria medida por las técnicas de Michel y EQM®. Biomédica. 2006;26:535-44.
20. Varona M, Morales L, Ortiz J, Sánchez José F, Cárdenas O, De la Hoz F. Panorama epidemiológico de exposición a plaguicidas inhibidores de colinesterasa en 17 departamentos del país. Biomédica. 1998;18:22-9.
21. Silva E. Morales L, Ortiz J. Evaluación epidemiológica de plaguicidas inhibidores de acetilcolinesterasa en Colombia, 1996-1997. Biomédica. 2000;20:200-9.
22. Cárdenas O, Silva E, Morales L, Ortiz J. Estudio epidemiológico de exposición a plaguicidas organofosforados y carbamatos en siete departamentos colombianos, 1998-2001. Biomédica. 2005;25:170-80.
23. Idrovo AJ. Vigilancia de las intoxicaciones con plaguicidas en Colombia. Rev Salud Pública. 2000;2. [Consultado: 11 de noviembre 2006]. Disponible en: http://www.revmed.unal.edu.co/revistasp/v2n1/Rev213.htm.
24. Edson EF. Blood tests for users of OP insecticides. World Crops. 1950;10:49-51.
25. McConnell R, Magnotti R. Screening for insecticide overexposure under field conditions: a reevaluation of the tintometric cholinesterase kit. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:479-81.
26. Miller S, Shah MA. Cholinesterase activities of workers exposed to organophosphorus insecticides in Pakistan and Haiti and an evaluation of the tintometric method. J Environ Sci Health B. 1982;17:125-42.
27. Ellman GL, Courtney KD, Andres V Jr, Feather-Stone RM. A new rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem Pharmacol. 1961;7:88-95.
28. McConnell R, Cedillo L, Keifer M, Palomo MR. Monitoring organophosphate insecticide exposed workers for cholinesterase depression: new technology for office or field use. J Occup Med. 1992;34:34-7.
29. Departamento de Salud Ocupacional y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile. Protocolo. Examen de salud para aplicaciones de plaguicidas. Versión 2004. [Consultado: 11 de
noviembre 2006]. Disponible en: http://www.ispch.cl/salud_ocup/doc/diagrama_datos.doc.
30. Da Silva ES, Midio AF, Garcia EG. A field method for the determination of whole blood cholinesterase. Med Lav. 1994;85:249-54.
31. Silva JJ. A utilização das colinesterases na avaliação da exposição humana a agrotóxicos. Novas perspectivas para antigas ferramentas (tese). São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2004. p.100.
32. Gobierno de Guatemala, Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS)/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), Agencia Danesa para el Desarrollo Internacional (DANIDA). Proyecto PLAGSALUD. Valores de referencia de la actividad de colinesterasa en la población guatemalteca. Serie de Investigación No.1. Ciudad de Guatemala: Gobierno de Guatemala; 2001. p.25.
33. Henao S, Corey G. Plaguicidas inhibidores de las colinesterasas. Serie Vigilancia 11. Centro Panamericano de Ecología Humana y Salud. Metepec: ECO, OPS, OMS; 1991.
34. Krull NB, Kropf J, Gressner AM. Influence of reagent composition on atypical pseudocholinesterase activity measurement: comparison of a manual and an automated method and implications for routine. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1992;30:545-6.
35. Da Silva ES, Midio AF. Interconversion of units of three methods for blood cholinesterases. Med Lav. 1998;89:265-72.
36. Newman MA, Que Hee SS. Interconversion and comparison of the results of three methods for cholinesterase in serum. Clin Chem. 1984;30:308-10.
37. Groff WA, Kaminskis A, Ellin RI. Interconversion of cholinesterase enzyme activity units by the manual delta pH method and a recommended automated method. Clin Toxicol. 1976;9:353-8.
38. Morse CS. Interconversion of cholinesterase measurements by the deltapH method of Michel and the DTNB method of Garry and Routh. Clin Toxicol. 1974;7:389-93.
39. Grainger MM, Groff WA, Ellin RI, Arsenal E. Blood cholinesterase values. Correlation obtained by automated and manual techniques. Arch Environ Health. 1968;16:821-2.
How to Cite
1.
Carmona-Fonseca J. Cholinesterases in total blood measured with a semiquantitative technique, and plasma or erythrocyte cholinesterases measured with quantitative techniques. biomedica [Internet]. 2007 Jun. 1 [cited 2024 May 17];27(2):244-56. Available from: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/220
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