Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) in the small village where a human case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis was recorded
Keywords:
Encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine, encephalitis, arbovirus, Culex, Colombia
Abstract
Introduction. The enzootic focus of subtype ID of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus in the Central Magdalena region (central Colombia) occasionally produces human cases. The report of a VEE infection in a three-year-old girl in the small village of Chingalé, municipality of Puerto Wilches, Santander, motivated this study.Objective. The village of Chingalé was evaluated as the probable site of infection.
Materials and methods. In June 2005, mosquitoes were collected with CDC light traps in and outside of dwellings in the village. Trinidad traps were placed in nearby vegetation, and hamsters were used as sentinel animals near homes.
Results. One hundred and seven samples, consisting of 14,423 mosquitoes of 35 species were collected. The relative abundance of incriminated vectors of subtype ID of VEE, Culex (Melanoconion) pedroi and Cx. (Mel.) ocossa, was generally low (<4%), but both species were more frequent outside of dwellings than indoors. Cx. (Mel.) ocossa was collected in CDC traps and was more frequent indoors,whereas Cx. (Mel.) pedroi was found in the Trinidad traps. In addition, Psorophora confinnis was present, recognized as a potential vector of the epidemo/epizootic subtype. Mansonia indubitans, another recognized vector, was present at high frequency within dwellings. The exposed hamsters did not become infected.
Conclusion. The child may have been infected in or near her home, although the epidemiologic cycle of the virus was not demonstrated within the village of Chingalé. Possibly, infected Culex mosquitoes of the subgenus Melanoconion carried the virus into the village from a neighboring habitat.
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References
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2. Weaver S. Recurrent emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. In: Scheld WM, Hughes J, editors. Emerging infections I. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press; 1998. p. 27-42.
3. Groot H. The health and economic impact of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE). En: Proceedings of the Workshop-Symposium on Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Sci Pub No. 243. Washington, D.C.: PAHO; 1972. p. 7-16.
4. Sudia WD. Arthropod vectors of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis. En: Proceedings of the Workshop-Symposium on Venezuelan equine encephalitis Virus. Sci Pub No. 243. Washington, D.C.: PAHO; 1972. p. 157 69.
5. Weaver SC, Anishchenko M, Bowen R, Brault AC, Estrada-Franco JG, Fernandez Z, et al. Genetic determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence. Arch Virol Suppl. 2004;18:43-64.
6. Jhonson KM, Shelokov A, Peralta PH, Dammin GJ, Young NA. Recovery of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in Panama. A fatal case in man. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1968;17:432-40.
7. Ferro C, Boshell J, Moncayo AC, González M, Ahumada ML, Kang W, et al. Natural enzootic vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:49-54.
8. Anishchenko M, Bowen RA, Paessler S, Austgen L, Greene IP, Weaver SC. Venezuelan encephalitis emergence mediated by a phylogenetically predicted viral mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:4994-9.
9. Brault AC, Powers AM, Holmes EC, Woelk CH, Weaver SC. Positively charged amino acid substitutions in the E2 envelope glycoprotein are associated with the emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Virol. 2002;76:1718-30.
10. Oberste MS, Fraire M, Navarro R, Zepeda C, Zarate ML, Ludwig GV, et al. Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootics in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59:100-7.
11. Walton TE, Alvarez O Jr, Buckwalter RM, Johnson KM. Experimental infection of horses with enzootic and epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Infect Dis. 1973;128:271-82.
12. Dickerman RW, Cupp EW, Groot H, Morales-Alarcón A, Cura E, Dickerman AW, et al. Actividad del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana en el norte de Colombia, abril y mayo de 1983. Bol Of Sanit Panam. 1987;103:1-9.
13. Sanmartin C, Trapido H, Barreto P, Lesmes CI. Isolations of Venezuelan and Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis viruses from sentinel hamsters exposed in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1971;20:469-73.
14. Groot H, Morales A, Romero M, Ferro C, Prías E, Vidales H, et al. Estudios de arbovirosis en Colombia en la década de 1970. Biomédica 1996;16:331-44.
15. Barrera R, Ferro C, Navarro JC, Freier J, Liria J, Salas R, et al. Contrasting sylvatic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in Northern South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67:324-34.
16. Groot H, Morales A, Vidales H. Virus isolations from forest mosquitoes in San Vicente de Chucurí, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1961;10:397-402.
17. Mesa F, Cárdenas J, Villamil LC. Las encefalitis equinas en la salud pública. Bogotá: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia; 2005.
18. Davies JB. A small mosquito trap for use with animal or carbon dioxide baits. Mosq News. 1971;31:441-3.
19. Lumsden WH. A trap for insects biting small vertebrates. Nature. 1958;181:819-20.
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21. Lane J. Neotropical Culicidae. Vol.1 y 2. Sao Paulo: University of Sao Paulo; 1953.
22. Cova-García P.Mosquitos de Venezuela. Tomos 1 y 2. Caracas: Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social; 1966.
23. Faran ME, Linthicum K. A handbook of the Amazonian species of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst. 1981;13:1-81.
24. Sallum MA, Forattini OP. Revision of the Spissipes section of Culex (Melanoconion) (Diptera: Culicidae). J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996;12:517-600.
25. Pecor JE, Mallanpalli VI, Harbach RE, Peyton El. Catalog and illustrated review of the subgenus Melanoconion of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Entomol Inst. 1992;27:1-228
26. Bulla L. An index of evenness and its associated diversity measure. Oikos. 1994;70:167-71.
27. Morales A, Romero M, Olano VA, Calvache D. Demostración del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana tipo enzoótico en la hemolinfa de mosquitos Psorophora confinnis infectados por vía oral. Biomédica. 1982;2:111-7.
28. Morales A, Romero M, Olano VA. Transmisión experimental del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana subgrupo ID tipo enzoótico por Psorophora confinnis a ratones. Biomédica.1983;3:10-4.
29. Ortiz D, Aischenko M, Waver SC. Susceptibility of Psorophora confinnis (Diptera : Culicidae) to infection with epizootic (Subtype IC) and enzootic (Subtype ID) Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. J Med Entomol. 2005;42:857-63.
30. Turell MJ, Jones JW, Sardelis MR, Dohm DJ, Coleman RE, Watts DM, et al. Vector competence of Peruvian mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) for epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Med Entomol. 2000;37:835-9.
31. Mendez W, Liria J, Navarro JC, Garcia, CZ, Freier JE, Salas R, et al. Spatial dispersion of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a sylvatic focus of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol. 2001:38:813-21.
32. Galindo P, Grayson MA. Culex (Melanoconion) aikenii: natural vector in Panamá of endemic Venezuelan encephalitis. Science. 1971;172:594-5.
33. Bowen GS, Calisher CH. Virological and serological studies of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in humans. J Clin Microbiol. 1976;4:22-7.
34. Weaver SC, Salas R, Rico-Hesse R, Ludwig GV, Oberste MS, Boshell J, et al. Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America. VEE Study Group. Lancet. 1996;348:436-40.
35. Sanmartin-Barberi C, Groot H, Osorno-Mesa E. Human epidemic in Colombia caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1954;3:283-93.
36. Forattini OP. Entomología médica. Vol. 3. Sao Paulo: Editora da Universidade de Sao Paulo; 1965. p. 416.
2. Weaver S. Recurrent emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. In: Scheld WM, Hughes J, editors. Emerging infections I. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press; 1998. p. 27-42.
3. Groot H. The health and economic impact of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE). En: Proceedings of the Workshop-Symposium on Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Sci Pub No. 243. Washington, D.C.: PAHO; 1972. p. 7-16.
4. Sudia WD. Arthropod vectors of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis. En: Proceedings of the Workshop-Symposium on Venezuelan equine encephalitis Virus. Sci Pub No. 243. Washington, D.C.: PAHO; 1972. p. 157 69.
5. Weaver SC, Anishchenko M, Bowen R, Brault AC, Estrada-Franco JG, Fernandez Z, et al. Genetic determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence. Arch Virol Suppl. 2004;18:43-64.
6. Jhonson KM, Shelokov A, Peralta PH, Dammin GJ, Young NA. Recovery of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in Panama. A fatal case in man. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1968;17:432-40.
7. Ferro C, Boshell J, Moncayo AC, González M, Ahumada ML, Kang W, et al. Natural enzootic vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:49-54.
8. Anishchenko M, Bowen RA, Paessler S, Austgen L, Greene IP, Weaver SC. Venezuelan encephalitis emergence mediated by a phylogenetically predicted viral mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:4994-9.
9. Brault AC, Powers AM, Holmes EC, Woelk CH, Weaver SC. Positively charged amino acid substitutions in the E2 envelope glycoprotein are associated with the emergence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Virol. 2002;76:1718-30.
10. Oberste MS, Fraire M, Navarro R, Zepeda C, Zarate ML, Ludwig GV, et al. Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootics in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59:100-7.
11. Walton TE, Alvarez O Jr, Buckwalter RM, Johnson KM. Experimental infection of horses with enzootic and epizootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Infect Dis. 1973;128:271-82.
12. Dickerman RW, Cupp EW, Groot H, Morales-Alarcón A, Cura E, Dickerman AW, et al. Actividad del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana en el norte de Colombia, abril y mayo de 1983. Bol Of Sanit Panam. 1987;103:1-9.
13. Sanmartin C, Trapido H, Barreto P, Lesmes CI. Isolations of Venezuelan and Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis viruses from sentinel hamsters exposed in the Pacific lowlands of Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1971;20:469-73.
14. Groot H, Morales A, Romero M, Ferro C, Prías E, Vidales H, et al. Estudios de arbovirosis en Colombia en la década de 1970. Biomédica 1996;16:331-44.
15. Barrera R, Ferro C, Navarro JC, Freier J, Liria J, Salas R, et al. Contrasting sylvatic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in Northern South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67:324-34.
16. Groot H, Morales A, Vidales H. Virus isolations from forest mosquitoes in San Vicente de Chucurí, Colombia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1961;10:397-402.
17. Mesa F, Cárdenas J, Villamil LC. Las encefalitis equinas en la salud pública. Bogotá: Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia; 2005.
18. Davies JB. A small mosquito trap for use with animal or carbon dioxide baits. Mosq News. 1971;31:441-3.
19. Lumsden WH. A trap for insects biting small vertebrates. Nature. 1958;181:819-20.
20. Service M. Mosquito ecology: Field sampling methods. 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall; 1993. p. 988.
21. Lane J. Neotropical Culicidae. Vol.1 y 2. Sao Paulo: University of Sao Paulo; 1953.
22. Cova-García P.Mosquitos de Venezuela. Tomos 1 y 2. Caracas: Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social; 1966.
23. Faran ME, Linthicum K. A handbook of the Amazonian species of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosq Syst. 1981;13:1-81.
24. Sallum MA, Forattini OP. Revision of the Spissipes section of Culex (Melanoconion) (Diptera: Culicidae). J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1996;12:517-600.
25. Pecor JE, Mallanpalli VI, Harbach RE, Peyton El. Catalog and illustrated review of the subgenus Melanoconion of Culex (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Entomol Inst. 1992;27:1-228
26. Bulla L. An index of evenness and its associated diversity measure. Oikos. 1994;70:167-71.
27. Morales A, Romero M, Olano VA, Calvache D. Demostración del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana tipo enzoótico en la hemolinfa de mosquitos Psorophora confinnis infectados por vía oral. Biomédica. 1982;2:111-7.
28. Morales A, Romero M, Olano VA. Transmisión experimental del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana subgrupo ID tipo enzoótico por Psorophora confinnis a ratones. Biomédica.1983;3:10-4.
29. Ortiz D, Aischenko M, Waver SC. Susceptibility of Psorophora confinnis (Diptera : Culicidae) to infection with epizootic (Subtype IC) and enzootic (Subtype ID) Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses. J Med Entomol. 2005;42:857-63.
30. Turell MJ, Jones JW, Sardelis MR, Dohm DJ, Coleman RE, Watts DM, et al. Vector competence of Peruvian mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) for epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J Med Entomol. 2000;37:835-9.
31. Mendez W, Liria J, Navarro JC, Garcia, CZ, Freier JE, Salas R, et al. Spatial dispersion of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a sylvatic focus of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol. 2001:38:813-21.
32. Galindo P, Grayson MA. Culex (Melanoconion) aikenii: natural vector in Panamá of endemic Venezuelan encephalitis. Science. 1971;172:594-5.
33. Bowen GS, Calisher CH. Virological and serological studies of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in humans. J Clin Microbiol. 1976;4:22-7.
34. Weaver SC, Salas R, Rico-Hesse R, Ludwig GV, Oberste MS, Boshell J, et al. Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America. VEE Study Group. Lancet. 1996;348:436-40.
35. Sanmartin-Barberi C, Groot H, Osorno-Mesa E. Human epidemic in Colombia caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1954;3:283-93.
36. Forattini OP. Entomología médica. Vol. 3. Sao Paulo: Editora da Universidade de Sao Paulo; 1965. p. 416.
How to Cite
1.
Ferro MC, Olano VA, Ahumada M, Weaver S. Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) in the small village where a human case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis was recorded. biomedica [Internet]. 2008 Jun. 1 [cited 2024 May 18];28(2):234-4. Available from: https://revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/94
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